Editing Celts (section)

====Germany, Alps and Italy====
{{Main|Golasecca culture|Lepontii|Cisalpine Gaul}}
[[File:Heuneburg 600 B.C..jpg|thumb|left|The Celtic city of [[Heuneburg]] by the Danube, Germany, c. 600 BC, the oldest city north of the Alps.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.heuneburg-pyrene.de/en/celtic-city#:~:text=This%20Celtic%20hilltop%20settlement%20is,was%20built%20of%20mud%20bricks |title=Celtic City: Staatliche Schlösser und Gärten Baden-Württemberg |access-date=8 March 2023 |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230307030355/https://www.heuneburg-pyrene.de/en/celtic-city#:~:text=This%20Celtic%20hilltop%20settlement%20is,was%20built%20of%20mud%20bricks |url-status=live}}</ref>]]
[[Image:Germanic tribes (750BC-1AD).png|right|thumb|250px|
Expansion of [[early Germanic culture|early Germanic tribes]] into [[Central Europe]],<ref>{{citation |last=Kinder |first=Hermann |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |location=London |date=1988 |title=Penguin Atlas of World History |volume=I |page=108}}.</ref> helping press its previous Celts further south and southeast]]
[[File:Gallia Cisalpina-en.svg|thumb|Peoples of Cisalpine Gaul during the 4th to 3rd centuries BC]]
{{Further|History of the Alps}}

In Germany by the late [[Bronze Age Europe|Bronze Age]], the [[Urnfield culture]] ({{Circa|1300 BC|750 BC}}) had replaced the [[Bell Beaker culture|Bell Beaker]], [[Unetice culture|Unetice]] and [[Tumulus culture]]s in central Europe,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Iñigo Olalde |date=8 March 2018 |title=The Beaker Phenomenon and the Genomic Transformation of Northwest Europe |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |publisher=[[Nature Portfolio]] |volume=555 |issue=7695 |pages=190–196 |bibcode=2018Natur.555..190O |doi=10.1038/nature25738 |pmc=5973796 |pmid=29466337}}</ref> whilst the [[Nordic Bronze Age]] had developed in Scandinavia and northern Germany. The [[Hallstatt culture]], which had developed from the Urnfield culture, was the predominant Western and Central European culture from the 12th to 8th centuries BC and during the early [[Iron Age Europe|Iron Age]] (8th to 6th centuries BC). It was followed by the [[La Tène culture]] (5th to 1st centuries BC).

The people who had adopted these cultural characteristics in central and southern Germany are regarded as Celts. Celtic cultural centres developed in central Europe during the late Bronze Age ({{circa|1200 BC}} until 700 BC). Some, like the [[Heuneburg]], the oldest city north of the Alps,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heuneburg – Celtic city of Pyrene |url= https://www.heuneburg-pyrene.de/en/celtic-city}}</ref> grew to become important cultural centres of the Iron Age in Central Europe, that maintained trade routes to the [[Mediterranean]]. In the 5th century BC the Greek historian [[Herodotus]] mentioned a Celtic city at the Danube – ''Pyrene'', that historians attribute to the Heuneburg. Beginning around 700 BC (or later), [[Germanic peoples]] (Germanic tribes) from [[Archaeology of Northern Europe|southern Scandinavia and northern Germany]] expanded south and gradually replaced the Celtic peoples in Central Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heuneburg (Herbertingen-Hundersingen) |url= http://www.landeskunde-online.de/rhein/geschichte/antike/kelten/heuneburg/genese.htm |access-date=17 April 2020 |work=Landeskunde Online}}</ref><ref name="Herodotus1857">{{Cite book |author=Herodotus |editor1-first=Georg Friedrich |editor1-last=Creuzer |editor2-first=Johann Christian Felix |editor2-last=Bähr |title=Herodoti Musae |volume=2 |date=1857 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=t9rfAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Lipsiae in Bibliopolio Hahniano}}</ref><ref name="Herodotus1829">{{Cite book |last=Herodotus |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=q45PxRGLB5sC&pg=PA110 |title=Herodoti historiarum libri IX |date=1829 |publisher=G. Fr. Meyer |pages=110–}}</ref><ref name="Gimbutas2011">{{Cite book |first=Marija |last=Gimbutas |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=BvtRdigDtFoC&pg=PA312 |title=Bronze Age cultures in Central and Eastern Europe |date=25 August 2011 |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |isbn=978-3-1116-6814-7 |pages=100–}}</ref><ref name="Milisauskas2002">{{Cite book |first=Sarunas |last=Milisauskas |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=31LFIITb3LUC&pg=PA363 |title=European Prehistory: A Survey |date=30 June 2002 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |isbn=978-0-3064-7257-2 |pages=363–}}</ref><ref name="Rankin1996">{{Cite book |first=H. David |last=Rankin |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fdqk4vXqntgC |title=Celts and the Classical World |date=1996 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=978-0-4151-5090-3}}</ref>

The [[Canegrate culture]] represented the first migratory wave of the proto-Celtic<ref>Alfons Semler, ''Überlingen: Bilder aus der Geschichte einer kleinen Reichsstadt,''Oberbadische Verlag, Singen, 1949, pp. 11–17, specifically 15.</ref><ref>Kruta, Venceslas; ''La grande storia dei celti: La nascita, l'affermazione e la decadenza'', Newton & Compton, 2003, {{ISBN|88-8289-851-2|978-88-8289-851-9}}.</ref> population from the northwest part of the Alps that, through the [[Alpine passes]], had already penetrated and settled in the western [[Po River|Po]] valley between [[Lake Maggiore]] and [[Lake Como]] ([[Scamozzina culture]]). It has also been proposed that a more ancient proto-Celtic presence can be traced back to the beginning of the Middle [[Bronze Age]], when North Westwern Italy appears closely linked regarding the production of bronze artefacts, including ornaments, to the western groups of the [[Tumulus culture]].<ref>"
The Golasecca civilization is therefore the expression of the oldest Celts of Italy and included several groups that had the name of Insubres, Laevi, Lepontii, Oromobii (o Orumbovii)". (Raffaele C. De Marinis)</ref> La Tène cultural material appeared over a large area of mainland Italy,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Manufatti in ferro di tipo La Tène in area italiana: le potenzialità non-sfruttate |journal=Mélanges de l'École Française de Rome. Antiquité |volume=108 |issue=2 |pages=575–605 |doi=10.3406/mefr.1996.1954 |date=1996 |last1=Vitali |first1=Daniele}}</ref> the southernmost example being the Celtic helmet from [[Canosa di Puglia]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Piggott |first1=Stuart |title=Early Celtic Art From Its Origins to its Aftermath |date=2008 |url= http://www.transactionpub.com/title/Early-Celtic-Art-978-0-202-36186-4.html |publisher=[[Transaction Publishers]] |isbn=978-0-202-36186-4 |page=3 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170219021009/http://www.transactionpub.com/title/Early-Celtic-Art-978-0-202-36186-4.html |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=18 February 2017}}</ref>

Italy is home to [[Lepontic language|Lepontic]], the oldest attested Celtic language (from the 6th century BC).<ref name="Schumacher">{{cite book |last1=Schumacher |first1=Stefan |last2=Schulze-Thulin |first2=Britta |last3=aan de Wiel |first3=Caroline |title=Die keltischen Primärverben. Ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon |date=2004 |publisher=Institut für Sprachen und Kulturen, [[University of Innsbruck]] |isbn=978-3-85124-692-6 |pages=84–87 |language=de}}</ref> Anciently spoken in [[Switzerland]] and in Northern-Central [[Italy]], from the [[Alps]] to [[Umbria]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Percivaldi |first1=Elena |title=I Celti: una civiltà europea |date=2003 |publisher=[[Giunti Editore]] |page=82}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kruta |first=Venceslas |title=The Celts |date=1991 |publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] |pages=55}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Stifter |first=David |title=Old Celtic Languages |date=2008 |page=12 |url= http://www.univie.ac.at/indogermanistik/download/Stifter/oldcelt2008_1_general.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121002035607/http://www.univie.ac.at/indogermanistik/download/Stifter/oldcelt2008_1_general.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2012 |access-date=25 April 2016}}</ref><ref>Morandi 2004, pp. 702–03, n. 277</ref> According to the ''[[Recueil des Inscriptions Gauloises]]'', more than 760 Gaulish inscriptions have been found throughout present-day [[France]] – with the notable exception of [[Aquitaine]] – and in [[Italy]],<ref>Peter Schrijver, "Gaulish", in ''Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe'', ed. Glanville Price (Oxford: Blackwell, 1998), 192.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Landolfi |first1=Maurizio |title=Adriatico tra 4. e 3. sec. a.C. |date=2000 |publisher=L'Erma di Bretschneider |page=43}}</ref> which testifies the importance of Celtic heritage in the peninsula.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

In 391 BC, Celts "who had their homes beyond the Alps streamed through the passes in great strength and seized the territory that lay between the [[Apennine Mountains]] and the Alps" according to [[Diodorus Siculus]]. The [[River Po|Po Valley]] and the rest of northern Italy (known to the Romans as [[Cisalpine Gaul]]) was inhabited by Celtic-speakers who founded cities such as [[Milan]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Cunliffe |first=Barry |title=The Celts – A Very Short Introduction |date=2003 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-280418-1 |page=37}}</ref> Later the Roman army was routed at the [[Battle of the Allia|battle of Allia]] and Rome was sacked in 390 BC by the [[Senones]].<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|wstitle=Senones|volume=24|pages=647–648|inline=1}}</ref>

At the [[battle of Telamon]] in 225 BC, a large Celtic army was trapped between two Roman forces; the Celtic army was crushed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Battle of Telamon, 225 BC |url= http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_telamon.html |access-date=1 December 2022 |website=www.historyofwar.org |archive-date=1 December 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221201014912/http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_telamon.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

The defeat of the combined [[Samnium|Samnite]], Celtic and Etruscan alliance by the Romans in the [[Samnite Wars|Third Samnite War]] sounded the beginning of the end of the Celtic domination in mainland Europe, but it was not until 192 BC that the Roman armies conquered the last remaining independent Celtic kingdoms in Italy.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}