Editing Carnegie Mellon University (section)

=== Computer and applied sciences ===
*[[Alice (software)]] – [[freeware]] (for non-commercial purposes) [[Object-based language|object-based]] [[educational programming language]] with an [[integrated development environment]] (IDE).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alice.org/index.php?page=what_is_alice/what_is_alice|title=Alice.org|access-date=January 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520063744/http://www.alice.org/index.php?page=what_is_alice%2Fwhat_is_alice|archive-date=May 20, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Andrew Project]] – [[distributed computing]] environment developed at Carnegie Mellon beginning in 1982. It was an ambitious project for its time and resulted in an unprecedentedly vast and accessible university computing infrastructure. The goal was to have connected [[3M computer]] workstations.<ref name="cmu_overview">[http://www.cmu.edu/corporate/news/2007/features/andrew/history_overview.shtml CMU's overview of the history of the Andrew Project] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717075926/http://www.cmu.edu/corporate/news/2007/features/andrew/history_overview.shtml |date=July 17, 2012 }}</ref>
*[[Artificial intelligence]] – Several of the first AI software programs were created at Carnegie Mellon. These include the [[Logic Theorist]], [[General Problem Solver]], and [[Soar (cognitive architecture)|Soar]].
*[[Autonomous vehicle]] – [[Navlab]], the first [[autonomous car]] program was developed by Carnegie Mellon. Since then, [[H1ghlander]] and [[Sandstorm (vehicle)|Sandstorm]] autonomous vehicles were developed at Carnegie Mellon and placed 3rd and 2nd in the [[DARPA Grand Challenge]] and Carnegie Mellon's Boss won the [[DARPA Grand Challenge (2007)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://university-discoveries.com/carnegie-mellon-university|title=University Discoveries |publisher=Carnegie Mellon University |access-date=October 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026080152/http://university-discoveries.com/carnegie-mellon-university|archive-date=October 26, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The university continues to be a leader in autonomous research and development.
*[[Dynamic random-access memory]] – In 1966, [[Robert H. Dennard]] invented the one-transistor memory cell consisting of a transistor and a capacitor for which a patent was issued in 1968. It became the basis for today's dynamic random-access memory (DRAM).
*[[MEMS]] – [[Harvey C. Nathanson]] invented the first MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical systems) device of the type now found in products ranging from iPhones to automobiles. Typical MEMS devices include the accelerometers found in smartphones and video game controllers, and the gyroscopes used in automobiles and wearables.
*[[Xerox PARC]] – Founded in 1969 by [[George Pake]] and Jack Goldman, Xerox PARC has been at the heart of numerous revolutionary computer developments as laser printing, Ethernet, the modern personal computer, graphical user interface (GUI) and desktop paradigm, object-oriented programming, ubiquitous computing, electronic paper, amorphous silicon (a-Si) applications, the computer mouse, and advancing very-large-scale integration (VLSI) for semiconductors.
*[[BLISS]] – [[system programming language]] developed at Carnegie Mellon by [[W. A. Wulf]], [[D. B. Russell]], and [[A. N. Habermann]] around 1970. It was perhaps the best known systems programming language until [[C (programming language)|C]] made its debut in 1972.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cs.tufts.edu/~nr/cs257/archive/ronald-brender/bliss.pdf|title=The BLISS programming language: a history|access-date=August 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411212656/https://www.cs.tufts.edu/~nr/cs257/archive/ronald-brender/bliss.pdf|archive-date=April 11, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Emoticon]] – The first true emoticon was developed at Carnegie Mellon by [[Scott Fahlman]] in 1982. 
*[[Hashtag]] – In a 2007 tweet, [[Chris Messina (open-source advocate)|Chris Messina]] proposed vertical/associational grouping of messages, trends, and events on [[Twitter]] by the means of hashtags.
*[[Java (programming language)|Java]] – [[class-based]] [[object oriented]] programming language that was originally developed by [[James Gosling]] at [[Sun Microsystems]] (which has since been acquired by [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]]) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform. 
*[[Mach (kernel)]] – [[Richard Rashid]] and [[Avie Tevanian]] developed Mach at Carnegie Mellon from 1985 to 1994, ending with Mach 3.0, which is a true [[microkernel]]. Mach was developed as a replacement for the kernel in the [[Berkeley Software Distribution|BSD]] version of [[Unix]], so no new operating system would have to be designed around it. Experimental research on Mach appears to have ended, although Mach and its derivatives exist within a number of commercial operating systems.  These include [[NeXTSTEP]] and [[OPENSTEP]], upon which [[macOS]] and [[iOS]] are based.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6rjd2ZxE1vYC&pg=PT200|title=The Design and Implementation of the 4.4 BSD Operating System|last1=McKusick|first1=Marshall Kirk|last2=Bostic|first2=Keith|last3=Karels|first3=Michael J.|last4=Quarterman|first4=John S.|date=April 30, 1996|publisher=[[Addison-Wesley]]|isbn=978-0-7686-8494-0|page=123|author-link1=Kirk McKusick|author-link2=Keith Bostic (software engineer)|author-link3=Michael J. Karels|author-link4=John Quarterman}}</ref>
*[[Wi-Fi]] network – Alex Hills created the first wi-fi network using a [[local area network]] (LAN) on the Carnegie Mellon campus in 1993.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.popcitymedia.com/innovationnews/wifi100511.aspx|title=How Wi-Fi got its start on the campus of CMU, a true story|access-date=October 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202054801/http://www.popcitymedia.com/innovationnews/wifi100511.aspx|archive-date=December 2, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cmu.edu/epp/people/faculty/alex-hills.html|title=Alex Hills-Engineering and Public Policy |publisher=Carnegie Mellon University|access-date=October 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026163407/http://www.cmu.edu/epp/people/faculty/alex-hills.html|archive-date=October 26, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>