Editing Cardinal (Catholic Church) (section)

=== Cardinals {{lang|la|in pectore}} or secret cardinals ===
{{Main|In pectore}}

In addition to the named cardinals, the pope may name secret cardinals or cardinals {{Lang|la|[[in pectore]]}} (Latin for 'in the breast'). During the [[Western Schism]], many cardinals were created by the contending popes. Beginning with the reign of [[Pope Martin V]],<ref name="CE-cardinal" /> cardinals were created without publishing their names until later, a practice termed {{lang|la|creati et reservati in pectore}}.<ref name="Rickaby 1913 337">{{cite book |title=Catholic Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9gIjAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA337 |first=John |last=Rickaby |volume=3 |page=337 |date=1913 |access-date=15 October 2020 |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207053858/https://books.google.com/books?id=9gIjAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA337#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> A cardinal named {{lang|la|in pectore}} is known only to the pope. In the modern era, popes have named cardinals {{lang|la|in pectore}} to protect them or their congregations from political persecution or other danger.<ref name="Rickaby 1913 337"/>

If conditions change in respect of that persecution, the pope may make the appointment public. The cardinal in question then ranks in terms of precedence with those who were made cardinals at the time of the {{lang|la|in pectore}} appointment. If a pope dies before revealing the identity of an {{lang|la|in pectore}} cardinal, the person's status as cardinal expires. The last pope known to have named a cardinal {{lang|la|in pectore}} is [[Pope John Paul II]], who named four, including one whose identity was never revealed.{{efn|The three were:
[[Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei]], Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Shanghai|Shanghai]], made cardinal 1979, revealed 1991; [[Marian Jaworski]], Archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lviv|Lviv]], made cardinal 1998, revealed 2001; [[Jānis Pujāts]], Archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Riga|Riga]], made cardinal 1998, revealed 2001. Pope John Paul II created a fourth in 2003 but did not reveal his identity, not even in his will. Speculation centered on [[Joseph Zen Ze-kiun]], Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Hong Kong|Hong Kong]], [[Tadeusz Kondrusiewicz]], Archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Moscow|Moscow]], and Archbishop [[Stanisław Dziwisz]], John Paul's longtime friend and secretary. Joseph Zen and Stanisław Dziwisz were named as cardinals by his successor Benedict XVI later.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-apr-07-fg-secret7-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |date=7 April 2005 |title=Mystery Cardinal Will Never Be Able to Join Peers |first=Richard |last=Boudreau |access-date=6 July 2018 |archive-date=18 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118164605/http://articles.latimes.com/2005/apr/07/world/fg-secret7 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}