Editing Candidiasis (section)

== History ==
Descriptions of what sounds like oral thrush go back to the time of [[Hippocrates]] ''circa'' 460–370 BCE.<ref name=ID10>{{cite book|last1=Dolin|first1= Gerald L. | last2 = Mandell | first2 = John E. | last3 = Bennett | first3 = Raphael |title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|pages=Chapter 250|edition=7th}}</ref>

The first description of a fungus as the causative agent of an oropharyngeal and oesophageal candidosis was by Bernhard von Langenbeck in 1839.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Knoke |first1=M. |last2=Bernhardt |first2=H. |title=The first description of an oesophageal candidosis by Bernhard von Langenbeck in 1839 |journal=Mycoses |date=July 2006 |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=283–287 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0507.2006.01237.x|pmid=16784441 |s2cid=19140039 }}</ref>

Vulvovaginal candidiasis was first described in 1849 by Wilkinson.<ref name="Lynch 1994" /> In 1875, Haussmann demonstrated the causative organism in both vulvovaginal and oral candidiasis is the same.<ref name="Lynch 1994" />

With the advent of antibiotics following World War II, the rates of candidiasis increased. The rates then decreased in the 1950s following the development of [[nystatin]].<ref name="Obladen 2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Obladen M | title = Thrush - nightmare of the foundling hospitals | journal = Neonatology | volume = 101 | issue = 3 | pages = 159–65 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22024688 | doi = 10.1159/000329879 | s2cid = 5277114 }}</ref>

The colloquial term "thrush" is of unknown origin but may stem from an unrecorded Old English word <i>*þrusc</i> or from a Scandinavian root. The term is not related to the bird of the same name.<ref> “Thrush, N. (2).” Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, July 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1201547560.</ref> The term candidosis is largely used in British English, and candidiasis in American English.<ref name="Lynch 1994">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lynch DP | title = Oral candidiasis. History, classification, and clinical presentation | journal = Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, and Oral Pathology | volume = 78 | issue = 2 | pages = 189–93 | date = August 1994 | pmid = 7936588 | doi = 10.1016/0030-4220(94)90146-5 }}</ref> ''Candida'' is also pronounced differently; in American English, the stress is on the "i", whereas in British English the stress is on the first syllable.<ref name="Lynch 1994"/>

The [[genus]] ''Candida'' and [[species]] ''C. albicans'' were described by botanist [[Christine Marie Berkhout]] in her doctoral thesis at the [[University of Utrecht]] in 1923. Over the years, the classification of the genera and species has evolved. Obsolete names for this genus include ''Mycotorula'' and ''Torulopsis''. The species has also been known in the past as ''Monilia albicans'' and ''Oidium albicans''. The current classification is ''[[nomen conservandum]]'', which means the name is authorized for use by the International Botanical Congress (IBC).<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.bgbm.org/iapt/nomenclature/code/SaintLouis/0000St.Luistitle.htm |title=International Code of Botanical Nomenclature |year=2000 |isbn=978-3-904144-22-3 |location=Königstein |access-date=2008-11-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202001439/http://www.bgbm.org/iapt/nomenclature/code/SaintLouis/0000St.Luistitle.htm |archive-date=2008-12-02 | vauthors = Greuter W, McNeill J, Burdet HM, Barrie FR }}</ref>

The genus ''Candida'' includes about 150 different species. However, only a few are known to cause human infections. ''C. albicans'' is the most significant [[pathogen]]ic species. Other species pathogenic in humans include ''C. auris'', ''C. tropicalis'', ''C. parapsilosis'', ''C. dubliniensis'', and ''C. lusitaniae''.

The name ''Candida'' was proposed by Berkhout. It is from the Latin word ''toga candida'', referring to the white [[toga]] (robe) worn by candidates for the Senate of the ancient Roman republic.<ref name="Lynch 1994" /> The specific epithet ''albicans'' also comes from Latin, ''albicare'' meaning "to whiten".<ref name="Lynch 1994" /> These names refer to the generally white appearance of ''Candida'' species when cultured.