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=== In electric discharges === In electric discharges, for example as laboratory discharges between two electrodes or as lightning discharges between cloud and ground or within clouds, electrons produce Bremsstrahlung photons while scattering off air molecules. These photons become manifest in [[terrestrial gamma-ray flashes]] and are the source for beams of electrons, positrons, neutrons and protons.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Köhn |first1=C. |last2=Ebert |first2=U.|author2-link= Ute Ebert |title=Calculation of beams of positrons, neutrons, and protons associated with terrestrial gamma ray flashes |journal= Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres|year=2015 |volume=120 |issue=4 |pages=1620–1635 |doi=10.1002/2014JD022229 |bibcode=2015JGRD..120.1620K |url=https://ir.cwi.nl/pub/23845 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The appearance of Bremsstrahlung photons also influences the propagation and morphology of discharges in nitrogen–oxygen mixtures with low percentages of oxygen.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Köhn |first1=C. |last2=Chanrion |first2=O. |last3=Neubert |first3=T. |title=The influence of bremsstrahlung on electric discharge streamers in N<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>2</sub> gas mixtures |journal= Plasma Sources Science and Technology|year=2017 |volume=26 |issue= 1|pages=015006 |doi=10.1088/0963-0252/26/1/015006 |bibcode=2017PSST...26a5006K |doi-access=free }}</ref>
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