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==Conquest and conversion of Pomerania== {{main|Pomerania during the High Middle Ages|Duchy of Pomerania|Conversion of Pomerania}} [[Image:Pomeraniae Ducatus Tabula.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Map of Pomerania including the island of Rugia (17th century).]] The loss of Pomerania during the reign of [[Casimir I the Restorer]] weakened the Polish state, and, during the second half of the 11th century, subsequent rulers were not able to recover all the lands that once belonged to [[Mieszko I]] and [[Bolesław I the Brave]]. Only after defeating Zbigniew and successfully opposing Bohemian claims against Silesia in 1109 was Bolesław III able to expand to the West.<ref>S. Arnold: ''Historia Polski do połowy XV wieku'', p. 29.</ref> ===Strengthening the Polish-Pomeranian borders=== The conquest of Pomerania had been a lifelong pursuit for Bolesław. His political goals were twofold: strengthen the Polish border on the Noteć river line, and subjugate Pomerania. He intended to exercise Polish political overlordship but not actually incorporate<ref>Western Pomerania, rich principality ruled by [[Wartislaw I, Duke of Pomerania|Wartislaw I]]. The confluence of the [[Oder]] river and the lands of the lower and upper areas were also a matter of interest to German and Danish margraves, so Bolesław must be also interested in them. S. Szczur: ''Historia Polski – średniowiecze'', p. 124.</ref> Pomerania with the exception of [[Gdańsk Pomerania]] and a southern belt north of the River [[Noteć]]. By 1113 the northern border had been strengthened, including the fortification of [[Santok]], [[Wieleń]], [[Nakło nad Notecią|Nakło]], [[Czarnków]], [[Ujście]] and [[Wyszogród]]. Some sources report that the border began at the mouth of the rivers Warta and Oder in the west, running along the [[Noteć]] all the way to the [[Vistula]].<ref>R. Grodecki, S. Zachorowski, J. Dąbrowski: ''Dzieje Polski średniowiecznej,'' vol. I, pp. 143–144.</ref> Before Bolesław III began to expand in [[Gdańsk Pomerania]] (Pomerelia), he normalized his political relations with Bohemia in 1114 at a great convention on the border of the [[Nysa Kłodzka]] river.<ref name="Zachorowski, p. 141"/> He was assisted by Bohemian princes of the Premyslid line: namely, [[Vladislaus I, Duke of Bohemia|Vladislaus I]], [[Otto II the Black]] and Soběslav I. The pact was sealed by the marriage of Bolesław (a widower since his wife Zbyslava's death<ref>According to O. Balzer, Zbyslava of Kiev died between 1109 and 1112. O. Balzer: ''Genealogia Piastów'', p. 121.</ref>) with Vladislaus I and Otto II's sister-in-law, the German noblewoman [[Salomea of Berg]].<ref>[[Richeza of Berg|Richeza]] and [[Sophia of Berg]], Salomea's sisters, are the wives of Vladislaus I and Otto II the Black, respectively. S. Trawkowski: ''Bolesław III Krzywousty'' [in:] A. Garlicki (ed.) ''Poczet królów i książąt polskich'', pp. 80–89.</ref> ===The conquest of Gdańsk Pomerania=== After normalising his relations with Bohemia, Bolesław conducted a successful expedition against Prussia in 1115. This secured Poland's north-east border, which allowed him to invade Gdańsk Pomerania.<ref>K. Maleczyński: ''Bolesław III Krzywousty'', pp. 141–142.</ref> The conquest of this part of the Pomeranian lands from 1115 to 1119 achieved a long-time aim of previous Polish rulers: the complete incorporation of the territories on the Vistula River, including the castellany of Nakło, into Poland.<ref>K. Maleczyński: ''Bolesław III Krzywousty'', p. 158.</ref><ref>In 1116 there was another great expedition to Eastern Pomerania. Bolesław had a difficult victory, but didn't join this area to Poland. A. Marzec: ''Bolesław III Krzywousty'', [in:] S. Szczur, K. Ożóg (ed.), ''Piastowie. Leksykon biograficzny'', p. 81.</ref> The northern borders of the Polish duchy were probably established on the line of the rivers [[Gwda]] and Uniesta (in later times these rivers were the boundary between Pomerania and the Oder Slavic). It is also possible that the border ran along the [[Łeba (river)|Łeba]]. The local rulers of the conquered [[Gdańsk]] and [[Słupsk]] were replaced by Polish nobles. Bolesław also introduced Polish clerical organization, in order to protect his interests in that territory. However, these areas refused to follow the church organization. The incorporation into the Polish Church occurred only during 1125–26 at the time of the visit of the papal legate, [[Gilles de Paris (bishop)|Gilles, Cardinal-Bishop of Tusculum]]. ====Rebellion of Skarbimir==== During Bolesław's Pomeranian campaign a rebellion led by Count Palatine [[Skarbimir]] from the [[Abdank coat of arms|Awdaniec family]] began. The rebellion was quelled by the duke in 1117<ref>The ''Rocznik kapituły krakowskiej'' indicates in 1117 that ''voivode Skarbimir rebelled against Bolesław and was blinded''.</ref> and the mutinous nobleman was blinded as punishment. The conflict between Bolesław and the Awdaniec family is difficult to explain due to the lack of sources. The cause was probably the growing influence of the family, Skarbimir's ambition, and his jealousy of Bolesław and his increased popularity.<ref name="Snoch, p. 17">B. Snoch: ''Protoplasta książąt śląskich'', p. 17.</ref> Other probable factors were the desire to establish Władysław II, Bolesław's first-born son, as the sole ruler after his death, or Boleslaw's fears of losing his position, as had happened in the conflict with Sieciech.<ref name="Snoch, p. 17"/> It was also suggested that Skarbimir contacted the Pomeranians and [[Vladimir II Monomakh]], Grand Prince of [[Kievan Rus']].<ref>K. Maleczyński: ''Bolesław III Krzywousty'', pp. 157–158.</ref> Medieval historiography also associated the rebellion with the Law of Succession issued by Boleslaw. The underlying inheritance controversy arose between 1115 and 1116, after the birth of his second son Leszek, first of his second marriage. According to one hypothesis, Skarbimir objected to the adoption of the statute, which changed the traditional Polish succession customs.<ref>This theory is supported, among others, by M. K. Barański: ''Dynastia Piastów w Polsce'', p. 202; J. Bieniak: ''Polska elita polityczna XII wieku (Część II. Wróżda i zgoda)'', [in:] Kuczyński K. (ed.), ''Społeczeństwo Polski średniowiecznej'', vol. III, pp. 51–52. Others historians, however, believed that the origin of Skarbimir's rebellion as a result of an Act of Succession as only speculative. S. Szczur: ''Historia Polski – średniowiecze'', pp. 127–128. The theory of J. Bieniak is further criticized by M. Dworsatschek: ''Władysław II Wygnaniec'', p. 37.</ref> In the suppression of the rebellion a major role was played by [[Piotr Włostowic]] of the [[Łabędź coat of arms|Labedz]] family, who replaced Skarbimir as Count Palatine.<ref name="Snoch, p. 17"/> On his defeat, Skarbimir received a minor punishment from Bolesław.<ref>M. Spórna, P. Wierzbicki: ''Słownik władców Polski i pretendentów do tronu polskiego'', p. 64.</ref> The rebellion of Skarbimir also underlined the importance of the conquest of Gdańsk Pomerania.<ref name="Maleczyński, p. 212–214">K. Maleczyński: ''Bolesław III Krzywousty'', pp. 212–214; A. Jóźwik: [http://www.tyszowce.pl/ciekawe/ ''Grodzisko w Czermnie'' (in Polish)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725200619/http://www.tyszowce.pl/ciekawe/ |date=25 July 2014 }} [retrieved 17 July 2014].</ref> ====Intervention of Kievan Rus'==== The Rurikid ruler Vladimir II Monomakh and his sons are believed to have intervened in Skarbimir's rebellion. In 1118 Monomakh incorporated [[Volhynia]] into his domains and expelled the ruler, Yaroslav Sviatopolkovich,<ref name="Maleczyński, p. 212–214"/> who sought refuge first in Hungary,<ref name="Полное, p. 8">''Полное собранiе русскихъ лѣтописей'', vol. 2: ''Ипатiевская лѣтопись'', p. 8.</ref><ref>''Полное собранiе русскихъ лѣтописей'', vol. 7: ''Лѣтопись по Воскресенскому списку'', p. 24.</ref> then in Poland.<ref>''Полное собранiе русскихъ лѣтописей'', vol. 1: ''Лаврентiевская и Троицкая лѣтописи'', p. 128.</ref> In Yaroslav's place, Monomakh made his son Roman ruler of Volhynia, and after Roman's early death in 1119, replaced him with another son, Andrew, who invaded Polish territory in 1120 with the support of the [[Kipchaks]] tribe. A year later, Bolesław, with his brother-in-law, the exiled Yaroslav,<ref>In his second marriage, Yaroslav married with Sophia, Bolesław's half-sister.</ref> organized a retaliatory expedition to [[Czermno, Lublin Voivodeship|Czermno]].<ref name="Полное, p. 8"/><ref name="Полное, p. 25">''Полное собранiе русскихъ лѣтописей'', vol. 7: ''Лѣтопись по Воскресенскому списку'', p. 25.</ref> For several years thereafter Bolesław intervened in the dynastic disputes of the [[Rurik dynasty|House of Rurik]].<ref name="Maleczyński, p. 212–214"/> During the 1120s the Kievan princes continued their expeditions against Poland. The neutrality of the neighbouring [[Principality of Peremyshl]] was attributed to Count Palatine Piotr Włostowic,<ref>Members of the Rostislavich branch of the Rurikid dynasty, Princes [[Volodar of Peremyshl|Volodar]] and [[Vasilko Rostislavich|Vasilko]] gained political autonomy at the end of the 11th century and beginning of the 12th century and fought for their independence from Kiev, but, unable to stop the combined forces of Grand Prince [[Sviatopolk II of Kiev]] and King [[Coloman of Hungary]], finally were defeated and Vasilko was captured and blinded. J. Ochmański: ''Dzieje Rosji do roku 1861'', p. 50.</ref> who in 1122 captured Prince [[Volodar of Peremyshl|Volodar]].<ref name="Szczur, p. 125">S. Szczur: ''Historia Polski – średniowiecze'', p. 125. Jan Długosz placed this event in 1122 and again in 1134, where his reports about the kidnapping story appears Volodar captured by Piotr Włostowic. The chronicler mistaken the name of the kidnapped Volodar with Yaropolk. Jan Długosz: [http://www.pbi.edu.pl/book_reader.php?p=43577&s=1 ''Jana Długosza kanonika krakowskiego Dziejów polskich ksiąg dwanaście'', vol. I, p. 499, 521–523. (in Polish)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416082343/http://www.pbi.edu.pl/book_reader.php?p=43577&s=1 |date=16 April 2012 }} [retrieved 17 July 2014].</ref> A year later Bolesław intervened again in Volhynia, where he wished to restore Yaroslav. The expedition (aided by Bohemian, Hungarian, Peremyshl and Terebovl forces) failed due to the death of Yaroslav and the stubborn resistance of the besieged [[Volodymyr-Volynskyi]], aided by Skarbimir's supporters. This failed military expedition led to disturbances in the Polish-Hungarian-Halych alliance.<ref name="Maleczyński, p. 212–214"/><ref name="Полное, p. 25"/><ref>''Полное собранiе русскихъ лѣтописей'', vol. 2: ''Ипатiевская лѣтопись'', p. 9.</ref> ===Conquest of Western Pomerania=== In 1121 (or 1119<ref>For this date is in favor J. Spors [in:] J. Spors: ''Studia nad wczesnośredniowiecznymi dziejami Pomorza Zachodniego XII-połowa XIII w.'', p. 119.</ref>) Pomeranian Dukes [[Wartislaw I, Duke of Pomerania|Wartislaw I]] and [[Swietopelk I, Duke of Pomerania|Swietopelk I]] were defeated by Bolesław's army at the battle of [[Niekładź]] near [[Gryfice]].<ref>E. Rymar: ''Rodowód książąt pomorskich'', p. 98.</ref> Polish troops ravaged Pomerania, destroyed native cities, and forced thousands of Pomeranians to resettle deep into Polish territory.<ref>I. Ihnatowicz, A. Mączak, B. Zientara: ''Społeczeństwo polskie od X do XX wieku'', pp. 55–56.</ref> Bolesław's further expansion was directed to [[Szczecin]] (1121–22). He knew that this city was well defended by both the natural barrier of the Oder river and his well-built fortifications, like [[Kołobrzeg]]. The only way to approach the walls was through the frozen waters of a nearby swamp. Taking advantage of the element of surprise, Bolesław launched his assault from precisely that direction, and took control of the city. Much of the population was slaughtered and the survivors were forced to pay homage to the Polish ruler.<ref name="Baranowska, pp. 40–42">O. Baranowska: ''Pomorze Zachodnie – moja mała ojczyzna'', pp. 40–42.</ref> Bolesław probably fought battles on the western side of the Oder, as well as near Lake Morzyce (now the German ''[[Müritz]]''), which were technically outside of Pomerania. At the same time, [[Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor|Lothair, Duke of Saxony (and future Holy Roman Emperor)]], also moved against this area. According to contemporary sources, a Saxon army approached from above the [[Elbe]] River in the direction of modern-day [[Rostock]]. They conquered the [[Warini]]s, [[Circipania|Circipanes]], [[Kessinians]] and part of the Tollensers tribes.<ref>K. Maleczyński: ''Bolesław III Krzywousty'', p. 154.</ref> This two-pronged expansion was probably the result of earlier unknown agreements between the rulers. This was the first step for the later Christianization of Pomeranian lands.<ref>K. Maleczyński: ''Bolesław III Krzywousty'', p. 155.</ref> In 1122 Bolesław finally conquered [[Western Pomerania]], which became a Polish fief. Duke Wartislaw I was forced to pay homage, as well as an annual [[tribute]] of 500 marks of fine silver to the Polish ruler,<ref>One mark of silver was equal to 240 [[denarius|denarii]]. A. Czubinski, J. Topolski: ''Historia Polski'', Ossolineum 1989, p. 39.</ref> and was further obliged to give military aid at Bolesław's request.<ref>R. Grodecki, S. Zachorowski, J. Dąbrowski: ''Dzieje Polski średniowiecznej'', vol. I, pp. 144–145.</ref><ref name="Fabiańczyk, p. 39">L. Fabiańczyk: ''Apostoł Pomorza'', p. 39.</ref> In subsequent years the tribute was reduced to 300 marks.<ref name="Szymański, p. 381">J.W. Szymański: ''Książęcy ród Gryfitów'', p. 381.</ref> This success enabled Bolesław to make further conquests. In 1123 his troops even reached [[Rügen]], but failed to conquer it.<ref name="Baranowska, pp. 40–42"/> According to modern historiography, Bolesław began to pay tribute to Emperor Henry V, at least from 1135, believed to have been 500 marks of fine silver annually. It is unknown why Bolesław did this, as the sources do not contain any reference to the Polish ruler being tributary to the Holy Roman Empire in the period 1121–35.<ref>K. Maleczyński: ''Bolesław III Krzywousty'', pp. 155–156.</ref> ===Christianization of Western Pomerania=== In order to strengthen ties with Pomerania, Bolesław organized a mission to Christianize the newly acquired territory. At the same time he wished to subordinate Pomerania to the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gniezno|Gniezno Archbishopric]]. Unfortunately first attempts made by unknown missionaries did not make the desired progress.<ref>R. Grodecki, S. Zachorowski, J. Dąbrowski: ''Dzieje Polski średniowiecznej'', vol. I, p. 145.</ref> Another attempt, officially sponsored by Bolesław and led by [[Bernard the Spaniard]], who traveled to [[Wolin]] during 1122–23, ended in another failure.<ref>L. Fabiańczyk: ''Apostoł Pomorza'', pp. 34–35.</ref> The next two missions were carried out in 1124–25 and 1128 by Bishop [[Otto of Bamberg]] (called the Apostle of Pomerania). After appropriate consultation with Bolesław, Bishop Otto set out on the first stage of Christianization of the region in 1124. During the [[Mission (Christianity)|mission]] Otto stayed first at Bolesław's court, where he was provided with appropriate equipment, fire and several clergymen for his trip to Pomerania. The Bishop was accompanied throughout his mission by the Pomeranian ruler Wartislaw I, who greeted him on the border of his domains, in the environs of the city of [[Sanok]].<ref>L. Fabiańczyk: ''Apostoł Pomorza'', p. 38.</ref> In [[Stargard Szczeciński|Stargard]] the pagan prince promised Otto his assistance in the Pomeranian cities as well as help during the journey. He also assigned 500 armored knights to act as guards for the bishop's protection,<ref name="Fabiańczyk, p. 39"/> and obtain the baptism of the elders tribal leaders.<ref name="Kłoczowski, p. 35">J. Kłoczowski: ''Młodsza Europa. Europa Środkowo-Wschodnia w kręgu cywilizacji chrześcijańskiej średniowiecza'', p. 35.</ref> Primary missionary activities were directed to [[Pyrzyce]],<ref name="Fabiańczyk, p. 39"/> then the towns of [[Kamień Pomorski|Kamień]], [[Wolin]], [[Szczecin]] and once again Wolin.<ref name="Baranowska, pp. 40–42"/><ref>According to sources Otto christianized even the towns of [[Gartz]], [[Niekładz]], [[Kłodkowo]], [[Kołobrzeg]] and [[Białogard]]. K. Maleczyński: ''Bolesław III Krzywousty'', p. 176.</ref> In the first two towns the Christianization went without resistance. In Kamień the task was facilitated by the intercession of Wartislaw I's own wife and dignitaries.<ref name="Kłoczowski, p. 35"/> At [[Szczecin]] and [[Wolin]], which were important centers of [[Slavic paganism]], opposition to conversion was particularly strong among the pagan priests and local population. The conversion was finally accepted only after Bolesław lowered the annual tribute imposed on the [[Pomeranians (Slavic tribe)|Pomeranians]].<ref name="Szymański, p. 381"/> Four great pagan temples were torn down and churches were built in their places.<ref name="Baranowska, pp. 40–42"/> Otto's mission of 1124 ended with the erection of bishoprics in [[Lebus|Lubusz]] for Western Pomerania and in Kruszwica for Eastern Pomerania (Gdańsk), which was subordinated to the Archbishopric of Gniezno.<ref>M. Spórna, P. Wierzbicki: ''Słownik władców Polski i pretendentów do tronu polskiego'', p. 64; J. Krzyżaniakowa: ''Rola kulturalna Piastów w Wielkopolsce'' [in:] R. Heck (ed.), ''Piastowie w dziejach Polski'', p. 181.</ref> In 1127 the first pagan rebellions began to take place. These were due to both the large tribute imposed by Poland as well as a plague that descended on Pomerania, which was blamed on Christianity.<ref name="Szymański, p. 381"/> The rebellions were largely instigated by the old pagan priests, who had not come to terms with their new circumstances. Wartislaw I confronted these uprisings with some success, but was unable to prevent several insurgent raids into Polish territory. Because of this Bolesław prepared a massive punitive expedition that may have spoiled all the earlier accomplishments of the missionary work by Bishop Otto.<ref>R. Grodecki, S. Zachorowski, J. Dąbrowski: ''Dzieje Polski średniowiecznej'', vol. I, p. 147.</ref> Thanks to Otto's diplomacy, direct confrontation was avoided and in 1128 he embarked on another mission to Pomerania. Wartislaw I greeted Otto at [[Demmin]] with some Polish knights. This time more pressure was applied to the territories west of the Oder River, i.e. [[Usedom (town)|Usedom]], [[Wolgast]] and [[Gützkow]],<ref>L. Fabiańczyk: ''Apostoł Pomorza'', pp. 52–54.</ref> which weren't under Polish suzerainty.<ref name=Inachim17/><ref name="Buske11"/> The final stage of the mission returned to Szczecin, Wolin and Kamień.<ref name="Baranowska, pp. 40–42"/> The [[Conversion of Pomerania|Christianization of Pomerania]] is considered one of the greatest accomplishments of Bolesław's Pomeranian policy. In 1129 Bolesław concluded with [[Niels, King of Denmark]] an alliance directed against Wartislaw I and the attempts of Lothair III, King of Germany to subordinate Western Pomerania. In retaliation for the sack of Płock by Wartislaw I in 1128, Polish-Danish troops took the Western Pomeranian islands of [[Wolin]] and [[Usedom]].<ref>The Polish-Danish expedition to the island of Wolin and Usedom is mentioned by [[Saxo Grammaticus]]. E. Rymar: ''Rodowód książąt pomorskich'', p. 98.</ref> At end of the 1120s Bolesław began to implement an ecclesiastical organization of Pomerania. [[Gdańsk Pomerania]] was added to the [[Diocese of Włocławek]], known at the time as the Kujavian Diocese. A strip of borderland north of Noteć was split between the [[Diocese of Gniezno]] and [[Diocese of Poznan]]. The bulk of Pomerania was, however, made an independent [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kammin|Pomeranian bishopric]] (whose first bishop, [[Adalbert of Pomerania|Adalbert]], was one of the participants in the missionary expedition and former Polish royal chaplain<ref>R. Grodecki, S. Zachorowski, J. Dąbrowski: ''Dzieje Polski średniowiecznej'', vol. I, pp. 148–149.</ref><ref>On 14 October 1140 [[Pope Innocent II]] formally invested Adalbert as Bishop of Pomerania in Wolin. The Bishopric was erected in 1124 in Wolin by Wartislaw I and Otto of Bamberg. E. Rymar: ''Rodowód książąt pomorskich'', pp. 102–103.</ref>), set up in the territory of the [[Duchy of Pomerania]] in 1140, and, after Bolesław died in 1138, the duchy became independent of Poland.<ref name="Inachim17"/> ===The project of Archbishop Norbert of Magdeburg=== During the 1130s, [[Norbert of Xanten|Norbert, Archbishop of Magdeburg]] undertook a project under which Pomerania would be divided between two dioceses subordinated to his archbishopric. At the same time, he revived the old claims of Magdeburg's ecclesiastical sovereignty over all Poland. A first Bull was prepared by 1131, but never entered into force.<ref>Archbishop Norbert tried to take over the Bishopric of Poznań and incorporated under the suzerainty of the Archbishopric of Magdeburg. K. Maleczyński: ''Bolesław III Krzywousty'', p. 301.</ref> Despite this setback, Norbert continued to attempt to subdue the Polish Church during 1132–33. A call was made in the [[Curia (Catholic Church)|Curia]] on behalf of the Polish bishops.<ref>K. Maleczyński: ''Bolesław III Krzywousty'', p. 303.</ref> The Polish bishops didn't appear before [[Pope Innocent II]], which resulted in the issuing of the [[Papal bull|Bull]] ''Sacrosancta Romana''<ref>Ph. Jaffé: ''Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab condita Ecclesia ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVIII'', cap. I, p. 860, nr 7629. Text of the Bull Sacrosancta Romana was published [in:] [http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=20061&dirids=1 ''Codex diplomaticus majoris Polonia, vol. 1, nr 6'' (in Latin)] [retrieved 19 July 2014].</ref> in 1133, which confirmed the sovereignty of the Archbishopric of Magdeburg over the Polish Church and the projected Pomeranian dioceses. The formal ''privilegium maius'' was the culmination of Norbert's efforts.<ref>K. Maleczyński: ''Bolesław III Krzywousty'', pp. 303–304.</ref> Bolesław, trying to save his past efforts in Pomeranian politics, submitted at Merseburg in 1135.<ref>R. Grodecki, S. Zachorowski, J. Dąbrowski: ''Dzieje Polski średniowiecznej'', vol. I, pp. 151–153.</ref> ===Conquest of Rügen and alliance with Wartislaw I=== To consolidate his power over Pomerania Bolesław conducted an expedition to the island of [[Rügen]] in 1130. For this purpose, he concluded an alliance with the Danish duke [[Magnus I of Sweden|Magnus Nilsson]] (his son-in-law<ref>Around 1127, Magnus married [[Richeza of Poland, Queen of Sweden|Ryksa]], Bolesław's eldest daughter</ref>) who provided him with a fleet in exchange for support in his efforts to obtain the Swedish throne. The fleet transported Polish troops to Rügen, but the intended battle on the island never happened, because, at the sight of the Polish-Danish combined forces, the defending [[Rani (Slavic tribe)|Rani]] recognized Bolesław's overlordship.<ref>E. Kosiarz: ''Wojny na Bałtyku X-XIX w.'', p. 38.</ref> After the successful invasion of the Danish capital, [[Roskilde]], in 1134, Bolesław formed an alliance with Wartislaw I of Pomerania against King [[Eric II of Denmark]], an ally of Emperor Lothair III. The role of the Polish duke was limited to aiding the [[House of Pomerania|House of Griffins]], not due while the real interest in Danish affairs. The Danish, after repelling the first attack, led a successful retaliatory expedition and expansion into Pomerania.
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