Editing Battle of Tours (section)

===Carolingian dynasty===
{{Main|Francia|Carolingian Empire|Pepin the Short|Charlemagne}}

Reluctant to tie down his army for a siege that could last years, and believing he could not afford the losses of an all-out frontal assault such as he had used at [[Arles]], Charles was content to isolate the few remaining invaders in [[Narbonne]] and [[Septimania]]. The threat of invasion was diminished after the Umayyad defeat at Narbonne, and the unified [[Caliphate]] would collapse into [[civil war]] in 750 at the [[Battle of the Zab]].

It was left to Charles' son, [[Pepin the Short]], to force Narbonne's surrender in 759, thus bringing it into the Frankish domains. The [[Umayyad dynasty]] was expelled, driven back to Al-Andalus where [[Abd al-Rahman I]] established an emirate in Córdoba in opposition to the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] caliph in [[Baghdad]].

In the northeast of Spain, the Frankish emperors established the [[Marca Hispanica]] across the [[Pyrenees]] in part of what today is [[Catalonia]], reconquering [[Girona]] in 785 and [[Barcelona]] in 801. This formed a buffer zone against Muslim lands across the [[Pyrenees]]. Historian J.M. Roberts said in 1993 of the Carolingian dynasty:

{{blockquote|text=It produced Charles Martel, the soldier who turned the Arabs back at Tours, and the supporter of [[Saint Boniface]] the Evangelizer of Germany. This is a considerable double mark to have left on the history of Europe.<ref name=Roberts>Roberts, J.M. ''The New History of the World''</ref>}}

Before the Battle of Tours, stirrups may have been unknown in the west. [[Lynn Townsend White Jr.]] argues that the adoption of the stirrup for cavalry was the direct cause of the development of feudalism in the Frankish realm by Charles Martel and his heirs.<ref>{{harvnb|White|1962|pages=1–38}}. However White denied the importance of Tours in Charles Martel's reforms, both because they began the year before the battle (White accepted 733 as the battle year) and because [[Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz y Menduiña|Claudio Sanchez-Albornoz]] "has shown that even twenty years after Martel's death the Spanish Muslims used cavalry only in small numbers" (p. 12).</ref>