Editing Battle of Shiloh (section)

===Early afternoon===
On the Union right, the divisions of Sherman and McClernand (plus Veatch's brigade) were a disorganized group of individual soldiers and portions of regiments. Many soldiers had dropped their equipment and headed to Pittsburg Landing. Still, Sherman and McClernand fought on with the remnants of their divisions.<ref name="Cunningham254-256">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|pp=254–256}}</ref>

The situation at the Union center was much better. Prentiss repelled multiple attacks by the brigade commanded by Colonel [[Randall L. Gibson]].<ref name="Cunningham256-261">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|pp=256–261}}</ref> Captain [[Andrew Hickenlooper]]'s [[5th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery]] used shrapnel and canister to stop the first charge, and Confederate losses were considerable.<ref name="Cunningham256-257">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|pp=256–257}}</ref> After a third try, Gibson's brigade suffered enough casualties (including one colonel hit in the face) that most of the men fell back, and the brigade was not engaged for the rest of the day.<ref name="Cunningham259-261">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|pp=259–261}}</ref> Among the Union soldiers killed was Major James Powell, who led the early morning patrol that discovered the Confederate army at Fraley Field.<ref name="Cunningham259">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|p=259}}</ref> While Prentiss was defending against Gibson,  Sweeny repelled Confederate attacks near Duncan Field.<ref name="Cunningham261">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|p=261}}</ref>

The Union left, even more so than the right, was pushed back. Stuart's two remaining Union regiments, temporarily commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Malmborg in the absence of Colonel [[Thomas Kilby Smith|T. Kilby Smith]], made several stands east of Bell Field against two of Bragg's brigades.<ref name="Daniel200">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|p=200}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|After being wounded, Stuart turned command over to Colonel T. Kilby Smith, but Smith left to find some missing men, causing Lieutenant Colonel Malmborg to have temporary command of the main force.<ref name="Cunningham212n">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|p=212n}}</ref>|group=Note}} Fortunately for the Union army, Bragg's hungry men exhausted their ammunition and pillaged food from the Union camps instead of continuing the attack.<ref name="Daniel200"/> Around 2:15{{nbsp}}pm, Smith ordered Stuart's brigade to withdraw, and by 2:30{{nbsp}}pm Stuart's brigade was done fighting for the day.<ref name="Daniel223-224">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|pp=223–224}}</ref>

While Stuart was fighting, the adjacent position in the Union line was occupied by McArthur's partial brigade. McArthur's force was attacked around 2:00{{nbsp}}pm by one of Breckinridge's brigades.<ref name="Daniel222-223">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|pp=222–223}}</ref> Despite reinforcements, McArthur fell back about 300 yards north of the Peach Orchard where he stabilized his line 20 minutes later.<ref name="Daniel224">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|p=224}}</ref> On McArthur's right, Hurlbut's division was also under attack, causing it to fall back. Most of the attackers were from Breckinridge's Third Brigade, commanded by Colonel Walter S. Statham.<ref name="Cunningham272-273">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|pp=272–273}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Colonel W.S. Statham is often misidentified as "Winfield Scott Statham" instead of "Walter Scott Statham".<ref name="Allardice355">{{harvnb|Allardice|2008|p=355}}</ref>|group=Note}} As the Union troops fell back, they would pause to shoot at the oncoming Confederates. Artillery was also used to slow the attackers.<ref name="Cunningham272-273"/>

====Johnston killed====
General Albert Sidney Johnston rode as much as 40 paces in front of Breckinridge's line. His uniform was torn from bullets in several places, and the heel of one of his boots was gone.<ref name="Daniel226">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|p=226}}</ref> After sending an order to Colonel Statham, an object could be heard striking Johnston. Although blood could be seen dripping from his leg, the general did not show concern. Shortly afterwards, he was slumping in his saddle. Asked if he was wounded, Johnston replied "Yes, and I fear seriously."<ref name="Cunningham275-276">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|pp=275–276}}</ref> Johnston bled to death from a torn [[popliteal artery]] in his right leg.<ref name="Cunningham273">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|p=273}}</ref> Although a [[tourniquet]] might have saved Johnston's life, his personal physician had been sent elsewhere to treat the wounded. Johnston died about {{convert|100|yd}} south of the Bell Farm at 2:30{{nbsp}}pm.<ref name="Daniel226-227">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|pp=226–227}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|After Johnston's death, it was discovered that he had been hit three times in addition to his mortal wound. He was shot in the right thigh and left boot sole, and a shell fragment was in the rear of his right hip.<ref name="Daniel227">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|p=227}}</ref> Although it is uncertain who was responsible for the fatal wound, one group of Hurlbut's withdrawing Union soldiers claims they shot at an "obviously important" mounted Confederate officer, and men from [[Battery "A", 1st Illinois Light Artillery Regiment|Battery A, 1st Illinois Light Artillery]] believe a shot from their [[M1841 12-pounder howitzer|12-pound howitzers]] killed Johnston.<ref name="Cunningham273"/> At least one source speculates that Johnston's fatal wound came from [[friendly fire]].<ref name="NPSASJohnston">{{cite web
|title=Albert Sidney Johnston
|publisher=National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior
|url=https://www.nps.gov/people/albert-sidney-johnston.htm
|access-date=2022-09-14}}</ref>|group=Note}} He was the highest-ranking soldier killed in combat in the American Civil War.<ref name="NPSShilohDeathofASJ">{{cite web
|title=Death of Albert Sidney Johnston - Tour Stop #17
|publisher=National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior
|url=https://www.nps.gov/places/death-of-albert-sidney-johnston-tour-stop-17.htm
|access-date=2022-08-22}}</ref>

With the death of Johnston, Beauregard officially became the Confederate army's commander.<ref name="Cunningham277">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|p=277}}</ref> Some historians argue that since Beauregard was directing the army from the rear while Johnston was at the front, Beauregard already had the role of army commander.<ref name="Daniel145"/><ref name="Esposito34"/> The Confederate attack on its right (Union left) stalled after Johnston's death, and many exhausted Confederate soldiers drank from what became known as the "Bloody Pond" located between the Peach Orchard and Wicker Field.<ref name="Daniel234-235">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|pp=234–235}}</ref> The lull was caused more by the exhaustion and disorganized condition of the Confederate army than mourning for Johnston or Beauregard's lack of action. Beauregard sent Brigadier General [[Daniel Ruggles]] to coordinate an attack on the Hornet's Nest.<ref name="Cunningham277-278">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|pp=277–278}}</ref>

====Union left and right====
[[File:Lexington and Tyler at Shiloh.jpg|thumb|upright=1.00|right|Union gunboats joined the battle|alt=drawing of two steam-powered gunboats with big paddle-wheels on river]]
At 2:50{{nbsp}}pm, Lieutenant William Gwin, commander of the USS ''Tyler'', put his gunboat into action by firing on the Confederate batteries near the Union left. After an hour, Gwin was joined by the USS ''Lexington'', and the two gunboats positioned themselves about three–fourths of a mile (1.21&nbsp;km) south of Pittsburg Landing. At first, the shelling (gunboat shells were larger than those used by [[Field artillery in the American Civil War|field artillery]]) had more of a psychological impact than a destructive one.<ref name="Cunningham312-313">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|pp=312–313}}</ref>

On the ground at the Union left, McArthur's partial brigade fought the Confederate brigades commanded by brigadier generals John K. Jackson and [[John S. Bowen]]. With Stuart now gone, McArthur was also getting outflanked by Chalmers's Brigade.<ref name="Cunningham293-295">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|pp=293–295}}</ref> Between 3:00 and 4:00{{nbsp}}pm, McArthur moved all the way back to Pittsburg Landing.{{#tag:ref|Daniel's map shows Hurlbut and McArthur moving to the rear at 4:00{{nbsp}}pm.<ref name="Daniel220">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|p=220}}</ref> Esposito has McArthur falling back at 3:00{{nbsp}}pm.<ref name="Esposito36">{{harvnb|Esposito|1959|p=36}}</ref>|group=Note}} Hurlbut's line was also falling back, and only one regiment remained by 4:30{{nbsp}}pm when Hurlbut ordered it to the rear.<ref name="Daniel225">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|p=225}}</ref>