Editing Basal ganglia (section)

===Terminology===
The nomenclature of the basal ganglia system and its components has always been problematic. Early anatomists, seeing the macroscopic anatomical structure but knowing nothing of the cellular architecture or neurochemistry, grouped together components that are now believed to have distinct functions (such as the internal and external segments of the globus pallidus), and gave distinct names to components that are now thought to be functionally parts of a single structure (such as the caudate nucleus and putamen).

The term "basal" comes from the fact that most of its elements are located in the basal part of the forebrain. The term [[ganglion|ganglia]] is a misnomer: In modern usage, neural clusters are called "ganglia" only in the [[peripheral nervous system]]; in the [[central nervous system]] they are called "nuclei". For this reason, the basal ganglia are also occasionally known as the "basal nuclei".<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Soltanzadeh A |title= Neurologic Disorders|isbn=978-964-6088-03-0|publisher=Jafari|year=2004|location=Tehran}}{{Page needed|date=December 2010}}</ref> [[Terminologia anatomica]] (1998), the international authority for anatomical naming, retained "nuclei basales", but this is not commonly used.

The International Basal Ganglia Society (IBAGS)<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Percheron G, McKenzie JS, Féger J |title=The Basal Ganglia IV: New Ideas and Data on Structure and Function|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eoblBwAAQBAJ&pg=PR4|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|language=en|date=6 December 2012|isbn=9781461304852|access-date=26 May 2020|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726161411/https://books.google.com/books?id=eoblBwAAQBAJ&pg=PR4|url-status=live}}</ref> informally considers the basal ganglia to be made up of the [[striatum]], the pallidum (with two nuclei), the [[substantia nigra]] (with its two distinct parts), and the [[subthalamic nucleus]], whereas Terminologia anatomica excludes the last two. Some neurologists have included the [[centromedian nucleus]] of the thalamus as part of the basal ganglia,<ref name="Percheron1991">{{cite journal | vauthors = Percheron G, Filion M | title = Parallel processing in the basal ganglia: up to a point | journal = Trends in Neurosciences | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 55–59 | date = February 1991 | pmid = 1708537 | doi = 10.1016/0166-2236(91)90020-U | s2cid = 36913210 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Parent M, Parent A | title = Single-axon tracing and three-dimensional reconstruction of centre median-parafascicular thalamic neurons in primates | journal = The Journal of Comparative Neurology | volume = 481 | issue = 1 | pages = 127–144 | date = January 2005 | pmid = 15558721 | doi = 10.1002/cne.20348 | s2cid = 23126474 }}</ref> and some have also included the [[pedunculopontine nucleus]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mena-Segovia J, Bolam JP, Magill PJ | title = Pedunculopontine nucleus and basal ganglia: distant relatives or part of the same family? | journal = Trends in Neurosciences | volume = 27 | issue = 10 | pages = 585–588 | date = October 2004 | pmid = 15374668 | doi = 10.1016/j.tins.2004.07.009 | s2cid = 505225 }}</ref>