Editing Barnard College (section)

=== Relationship with Columbia University ===
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The ''Barnard Bulletin'' in 1976 described the relationship between the college and Columbia University as "intricate and ambiguous".<ref name="bb19760201">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4208702// |title=Is the Customer Always Right? |date=February 1, 1976 |work=Barnard Bulletin |page=8 |type=Editorial |access-date=February 3, 2016}}</ref> Barnard president [[Debora Spar]] said in 2012 that "the relationship is admittedly a complicated one, a unique one and one that may take a few sentences to explain to the outside community".<ref name="stallone20120216" />
Outside sources often describe Barnard as part of Columbia; ''The New York Times'' in 2013, for example, called Barnard "an undergraduate women's college of Columbia University".<ref name="jstor368780" /><ref name="nyt201305092">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/09/nyregion/at-barnard-college-reports-of-cheating-prompt-changes.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/09/nyregion/at-barnard-college-reports-of-cheating-prompt-changes.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |url-access=limited |title=Reports of Cheating at Barnard Cause a Stir |date=May 9, 2013 |work=The New York Times |pages=A25 |access-date=January 4, 2016 |author1=Kaminer, Ariel |author2=Leonard, Randy}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Its front gates read "Barnard College of Columbia University."<ref name="bw200810292">{{cite news |url=http://images.businessweek.com/ss/08/10/1029_college_costs/12.htm |title=50 Most Expensive Colleges / Barnard College |date=October 29, 2008 |work=Bloomberg Businessweek |access-date=December 8, 2012 |author=Teichman, Alysa |archive-date=August 28, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828001919/http://images.businessweek.com/ss/08/10/1029_college_costs/12.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Barnard describes itself as "both an independently incorporated educational institution and an official college of Columbia University"<ref name="catalog2">{{cite web |url=https://barnard.edu/departments-and-programs |title=Barnard College Course Catalogue |publisher=Barnard.edu |access-date=February 20, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221145851/https://barnard.edu/departments-and-programs |archive-date=February 21, 2011}}</ref> that is "one of the University's four colleges, but we're largely autonomous, with our own leadership and purse strings",<ref name="bccupartnership3">{{Cite web |url=https://barnard.edu/boldly-barnard/columbia-university |title=Our Partnership with Columbia University |website=Barnard College |access-date=September 18, 2019 |archive-date=August 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829011912/https://barnard.edu/boldly-barnard/columbia-university |url-status=live}}</ref> and advises students to state "Barnard College, Columbia University" or "Barnard College of Columbia University" on résumés.<ref name="careerdev2">{{cite web |url=http://our.barnard.edu/s/1133/16/index.aspx?sid=1133&gid=1&pgid=2954 |title=Resume and Cover Letter Samples |publisher=Beyond Barnard Online Career Resources |access-date=September 18, 2019 |archive-date=February 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224072815/https://our.barnard.edu/s/1133/16/index.aspx?sid=1133&gid=1&pgid=2954 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Columbia refers to Barnard as one of its schools <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Schools |publisher=Columbia University |url=https://www.columbia.edu/content/academics/schools |access-date=October 7, 2024}}</ref>
and an affiliated institution<ref name="columbia_academic_programs2">[http://www.columbia.edu/home/academic_programs/index.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130202917/http://www.columbia.edu/home/academic_programs/index.html|date=January 30, 2011}} "Undergraduate education at Columbia is offered through Columbia College, the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, and the School of General Studies. Undergraduate programs are offered by two affiliated institutions, Barnard College and Jewish Theological Seminary."</ref> that is a faculty of the university.<ref name="vpaa2">{{cite web |url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/vpaa/handbook/organization.html |title=Organization and Governance of the University |date=November 2008 |publisher=Columbia University |work=Faculty Handbook 2008 |access-date=July 5, 2012 |archive-date=December 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216021604/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/vpaa/handbook/organization.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Both the college and Columbia evaluate Barnard faculty for tenure,<ref name="bctenure2">[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/vpaa/docs/tenframe.html Principles and Customs Governing the Procedures of Ad Hoc Committees and University-Wide Tenure Review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217045005/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/vpaa/docs/tenframe.html |date=February 17, 2015 }}. Retrieved November 27, 2009.</ref> and Barnard graduates receive Columbia diplomas signed by the Barnard and the Columbia presidents.<ref name="secretary.columbia.edu">{{cite web |url=http://secretary.columbia.edu/files/secretary/university_charters_and_statutes/University%20Charters%20and%20Statutes_June2017.pdf |title=Charters and Statutes |access-date=June 27, 2020 |archive-date=September 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929001737/https://secretary.columbia.edu/files/secretary/university_charters_and_statutes/University%20Charters%20and%20Statutes_June2017.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bccupartnership2">{{Cite web |url=https://barnard.edu/boldly-barnard/columbia-university |title=About the College: Partnership with Columbia |year=2011 |website=Barnard College |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218232409/https://barnard.edu/boldly-barnard/columbia-university |archive-date=February 18, 2011}}</ref> According to the university, a Barnard College degree holds the same value as a Columbia College degree.<ref>{{cite web |title=Columbia University Statutes |url=https://secretary.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/content/University%20Statutes_January2022.pdf |access-date=October 7, 2024 |date=January 2022 |publisher=Columbia University |page=99}}</ref>

==== Before coeducation at Columbia ====
Smith and Columbia president [[Seth Low]] worked to open Columbia classes to Barnard students. By 1900 they could attend Columbia classes in philosophy, political science, and several scientific fields.<ref name="jstor368780" /> That year, Barnard formalized an affiliation with the university which made available to its students the instruction and facilities of Columbia.<ref name="catalog2" /> [[Franz Boas]], who taught at both Columbia and Barnard in the early 1900s, was among those faculty members who reportedly found Barnard students superior to their male Columbia counterparts.<ref name="zimmerman20120314">{{cite news |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2012/0314/Barnard-College-flap-Competition-among-women-shouldn-t-be-over-men |title=Barnard College Flap: Competition Among Women Shouldn't Be over Men |date=March 14, 2012 |work=Christian Science Monitor |access-date=March 1, 2013 |author=Zimmerman, Jonathan |archive-date=February 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215035017/http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2012/0314/Barnard-College-flap-Competition-among-women-shouldn-t-be-over-men |url-status=live}}</ref> From 1955, Columbia and Barnard students could register for the other school's classes with the permission of the instructor; from 1973 no permission was needed.<ref name="rosenberg" />

Except for Columbia College, by the 1940s, other undergraduate and graduate divisions of Columbia University admitted women.<ref name="farmer20080825" /> Columbia president [[William J. McGill]] predicted in 1970, that Barnard College and Columbia College would merge within five years. In 1973, Columbia and Barnard signed a three-year agreement to increase sharing classrooms, facilities, and housing, and cooperation in faculty appointments,<ref name="spec198308292">{{cite news |url=http://spec-archive.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/columbia?a=d&d=cs19830829-01.2.35&srpos=8&dliv=none&e=-------en-20--1--txt-IN-barnard+columbia+merge---- |title=The Road to Coeducation |date=August 29, 1983 |work=Columbia Spectator |access-date=September 26, 2012}}</ref> which they described as "integration without assimilation";<ref name="time19820201" /> by the mid-1970s, most Columbia dormitories were coed.<ref name="crimson19741004" /> The university's financial difficulties during the decade increased its desire to merge<ref name="crimson197409242">{{cite news |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1975/9/24/financial-difficulties-prompt-columbia-report-on/ |title=Financial Difficulties Prompt Columbia Report on Merger |date=September 24, 1975 |work=Harvard Crimson |access-date=March 1, 2013 |author=Hartocollis, Anemona |archive-date=September 11, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911042530/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1975/9/24/financial-difficulties-prompt-columbia-report-on/ |url-status=live}}</ref> to end what Columbia described as the "anachronism" of single-sex education,<ref name="time19820201" /> but Barnard resisted doing so because of Columbia's large debt,<ref name="crimson19741004">{{cite news |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1974/10/4/a-survey-of-co-education-in-the/?page=single |title=A Survey of Co-Education In The Ivies |date=October 4, 1974 |work=Harvard Crimson |access-date=March 1, 2013 |archive-date=January 18, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118152748/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1974/10/4/a-survey-of-co-education-in-the/?page=single |url-status=live}}</ref> rejecting in 1975 Columbia dean [[Peter Pouncey]]'s proposal to merge Barnard and the three Columbia undergraduate schools.<ref name=spec198308292 /> The 1973–1976 chairwoman of the board at Barnard, Eleanor Thomas Elliott, led the resistance to the takeover.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html |title=Eleanor Thomas Elliott, 80, Barnard Figure |date=December 6, 2006 |work=The New York Times |access-date=March 23, 2017 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 9, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209030954/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The college's marketing emphasized the Columbia relationship, however; the ''Bulletin'' in 1976 said that Barnard described it as identical to the one between [[Harvard College]] and [[Radcliffe College]] ("who are merged in practically everything but name at this point").<ref name=bb19760201/>

After Barnard rejected later merger proposals from Columbia and a one-year extension to the 1973 agreement expired, in 1977, the two schools began discussing their future relationship. By 1979, the relationship had so deteriorated that Barnard officials stopped attending meetings. Because of an expected decline in enrollment, in 1980 a Columbia committee recommended that Columbia College begin admitting women without Barnard's cooperation. A 1981 committee found that Columbia was no longer competitive with other Ivy League universities without women, and that admitting women would not affect Barnard's applicant pool. That year Columbia president [[Michael Sovern]] agreed for the two schools to cooperate in admitting women to Columbia, but Barnard faculty's opposition caused president [[Ellen Futter]] to reject the agreement.<ref name=spec198308292 />

A decade of negotiations for a Columbia-Barnard merger akin to Harvard and Radcliffe had failed.<ref name="time19820201" /> In January 1982, the two schools instead announced that Columbia College would begin admitting women in 1983, and Barnard's control over tenure for its faculty would increase;<ref name=spec198308292 /><ref name="farmer20080825" /> previously, a committee on which Columbia faculty outnumbered Barnard's three to two controlled the latter's tenure.<ref name="time19820201" /> Applications to Columbia rose 56% that year, making admission more selective, and nine Barnard students transferred to Columbia. Eight students admitted to both Columbia and Barnard chose Barnard, while 78 chose Columbia.<ref name="belkin198309022">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NP8sAAAAIBAJ&pg=3351%2C1183974 |title=First Women Enrolled at Columbia College |date=September 2, 1983 |work=The Palm Beach Post |agency=New York Times |pages=B8 |access-date=March 6, 2013 |author=Belkin, Lisa}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Within a few years, however, selectivity rose at both schools as they received more women applicants than expected.<ref name="farmer20080825" />

==== After coeducation ====
The Columbia-Barnard affiliation continued.<ref name="time19820201">{{Cite magazine |date=February 1, 1982 |title=Columbia Decides to Go Coed |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,955006,00.html |magazine=Time |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715152642/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C955006%2C00.html |archive-date=July 15, 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> {{as of|2012}}, Barnard paid Columbia about $5&nbsp;million a year under the terms of the "interoperate relationship", which the two schools renegotiate every 15 years.<ref name="stallone20120216">{{cite news |url=http://www.columbiaspectator.com/2012/02/16/barnard-cu-legally-bound-relationship-not-always-certain-students |title=Barnard, CU Legally Bound, But Relationship Not Always Certain for Students |work=Columbia Spectator |access-date=February 18, 2012 |author=Stallone, Jessica |archive-date=March 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302043251/http://www.columbiaspectator.com/2012/02/16/barnard-cu-legally-bound-relationship-not-always-certain-students |url-status=live}}</ref> Despite the affiliation, Barnard is legally and financially separate from Columbia with an independent faculty and board of trustees. It is responsible for its own separate admissions, health, security, guidance and placement services, and has its own alumnae association. Nonetheless, Barnard students participate in the academic, social, athletic and extracurricular life of the broader university community on a reciprocal basis. The affiliation permits the two schools to share some academic resources; for example, only Barnard has an [[urban studies]] department and only Columbia has a [[computer science]] department. Most Columbia classes are open to Barnard students and vice versa. Barnard students and faculty are represented in the University Senate, and student organizations such as the ''[[Columbia Daily Spectator]]'' are open to all students. Barnard students play on Columbia athletics teams and Barnard uses Columbia email, telephone, and network services.<ref name="stallone20120216" /><ref name="bccupartnership2" />

Barnard athletes compete in the [[Ivy League]] ([[NCAA Division I]]) through the Columbia-Barnard Athletic Consortium, which was established in 1983. Through the arrangement, Barnard is the only [[Women's colleges in the United States|women's college]] offering Division{{nbsp}}I athletics.<ref name="athletics2">{{cite web |url=http://www.barnard.edu/athletics |title=Athletics |access-date=March 12, 2020 |archive-date=March 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319080326/https://barnard.edu/athletics |url-status=live}}</ref> There are 15 [[College athletics|intercollegiate teams]], and students also compete at the [[Intramural sports|intramural]] and club levels. From 1975 to 1983, before the establishment of the Columbia-Barnard Athletic Consortium, Barnard students competed as the "Barnard Bears".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://issuu.com/barnard/docs/magazine-spring09/6 |title=Magazine-Spring09/6 |date=May 18, 2009 |publisher=Issuu.com |access-date=February 20, 2011 |archive-date=March 14, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015148/http://issuu.com/barnard/docs/magazine-spring09/6 |url-status=live}}</ref> Prior to 1975, students referred to themselves as the "Barnard honeybears".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/columbia?a=d&d=cs19640221-01.2.2 |title=Columbia Daily Spectator 21 February 1964 — Columbia Spectator |website=spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu |access-date=June 11, 2016 |archive-date=June 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611144815/http://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/columbia?a=d&d=cs19640221-01.2.2 |url-status=live}}</ref>