Editing Balhae (section)

==Culture==
Balhae's population was composed of former Goguryeo people and Tungusic [[Mohe people|Mohe]] people in Manchuria. Within sixty sites identified as Balhae settlements, many had dwellings with heating stoves, ceramic roof tiles, and vessels. Iron agricultural implements suggest that sophisticated agriculture was practised in parts of Balhae. These finds indicate that much of the population even outside the capitals were sedentary.{{sfn|Sloane|2014|p=367}}

Balhae's culture is as complex as its ethnic makeup. Archaeological findings have demonstrated that Balhae culture contained elements from Mohe, Goguryeo, Turkic, as well as Tang Chinese cultures. However, scholars from Japan, China, Russia and Korea emphasize some components over the others because of their national backgrounds.<ref>Song, Ki-ho. 'Several Questions in Studies of the History of Palhae.' Korea Journal 30:6 (June 1990): 12.</ref> 

Han Ciu-cheol believes that many of Goguryeo's tradition were continued by Balhae, such as the use of [[Ondol]] heating systems in Balhae's royal palaces as well as the use of stone lined tombs, stone chambers and stone coffins used by Goguryeo's ruling class.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Han |first1= Ciu-cheol |chapter=The Ethnic Composition of Parhae’s Population|title=A New History of Parhae |date=2012 |publisher=Brill |page=22}}</ref> According to Japanese historian Shiratori Kurakichi, 26 of the 85 emissaries dispatched to Japan by Balhae bore the typical Goguryeo surname of Ko (Go), which is still commonly used in Korea, indicating a substantial Goguryeo presence in Balhae culture.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Duncan |first1=John |title=A New History of Parhae |date=2012 |publisher=Brill |page=16}}</ref>

A record of the journey of Hong Hao (1088–1155) in Jin territory describes the Balhae people as primarily martial and not adherent to Confucian norms. Balhae women were described as "fiercely jealous"{{sfn|Sloane|2014|p=378}} and prevented the men from deviating from martial fidelity. Balhae men were described as "full of cunning, surpassing other nations in courage, such that there exists a saying 'Three Bohai are a match for a tiger.'" Some Balhae people practiced Buddhism.{{sfn|Sloane|2014|p=378}} However Balhae cultural markers evidently did not deviate to the point of preventing assimilation into neighboring societies. There was widespread usage of "Chinese" style surnames in Balhae and no distinct cultural marker prevented them from integrating into Chinese literati society. There is no evidence of any friction in this process. Other cultural markers such as martial traditions may have also facilitated the adoption of Mongol, Tatar, and Jurchen backgrounds.{{sfn|Sloane|2014|p=402}}