Editing Baalbek (section)

== Ruins ==
{{See also|Temple of Jupiter, Baalbek|Temple of Bacchus|Stone of the Pregnant Woman|Temples of the Beqaa Valley|List of Roman monoliths|List of ancient architectural records#Monoliths|List of largest monoliths in the world}}
[[File:Baalbek 1.png|thumb|right|200px|1911 diagram of the ruins after the [[Otto Puchstein|Puchstein]] excavations.{{sfnp|''EB''|1911|p=90}} (Facing SW, with the Temple of Jupiter labelled "Temple of the Sun")]]

The Tell Baalbek<!--sic--> temple complex, fortified as the town's citadel during the Middle Ages,{{sfnp|''EI''|1913|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA544 544]}} was constructed from local stone, mostly white [[granite]] and a rough white [[marble]].{{sfnp|''DGRG''|1878|p=1038}} Over the years, it has suffered from the region's numerous earthquakes, the [[iconoclasm]] of Christian and Muslim lords,{{sfnp|''DGRG''|1878|p=1037}} and the reuse of the temples' stone for fortification and other construction. The temples also suffered minor damage from the shockwaves generated by nearby Israeli bombings in the 2006 Lebanon war.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Brockman |first=Norbert C. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/698626500 |title=Encyclopedia of sacred places |date=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-654-6 |edition=2nd |location=Santa Barbara, Calif |pages=33 |oclc=698626500}}</ref> The nearby [[Qubbat Duris]], a 13th-century [[qubba|Muslim shrine]] on the old road to Damascus, is built out of granite columns, apparently removed from Baalbek.{{sfnp|''DGRG''|1878|p=1038}} Further, the jointed columns were once banded together with iron; many were gouged open{{sfnp|Jessup|1881|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA459 459]}} or toppled by the emirs of Damascus to get at the metal.{{sfnp|''DGRG''|1878|p=1038}} As late as the 16th century, the Temple of Jupiter still held 27 standing columns{{sfnp|Thevet|1554}} out of an original 58;{{sfnp|Cook|1914|p=[http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0643 560]}} there were only nine before the [[Near East earthquakes of 1759|1759 earthquakes]]{{sfnp|Wood|1757}} and six today.{{When|date=January 2017}}

The complex is located on a raised plaza erected {{convert|5|m|abbr=on}} over an earlier T-shaped base consisting of a podium, staircase, and foundation walls.{{efn|"Current survey and interpretation, show that a pre-Roman floor level about 5&nbsp;m lower than the late Great Roman Courtyard floor existed underneath".{{sfnp|Lohmann|2010|p=29}}}} These walls were built from about 24 [[monolith]]s, at their lowest level weighing approximately {{convert|300|tonne}} each. The tallest retaining wall, on the west, has a second course of monoliths containing the famous "[[trilithon|Three Stones]]" ({{langx|grc|Τρίλιθον}}, ''[[trilithon|Trílithon]]''):{{sfnp|Jessup|1881|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA456 456]}} a row of three stones, each over {{convert|19|m|abbr=on}} long, {{convert|4.3|m|abbr=on}} high, and {{convert|3.6|m|abbr=on}} broad, cut from [[limestone]]. They weigh approximately {{convert|800|tonne}} each.{{sfnp|Adam|1977|p=52}} A fourth, still larger stone is called the [[Stone of the Pregnant Woman]]: it lies unused in a nearby quarry {{convert|800|m|abbr=on}} from the town.{{sfnp|Alouf|1944|p=139}} Its weight is estimated at {{convert|1000|tonne}}.{{sfnp|Ruprechtsberger|1999|p=15}} A fifth, still larger stone weighing approximately {{convert|1200|tonne}}{{sfnp|Ruprechtsberger|1999|p=17}} lies in the same quarry.  This quarry was slightly higher than the temple complex,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Adam|first1=Jean Pierre|title=Roman Building: Materials and Techniques|year=1999|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415208666|first2=Anthony |last2=Mathews |page=35}}</ref>{{sfnp|Adam & al.|1999|p=35}}{{sfnp|Hastings|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=yk1CKgPRKtAC&pg=PA892 892]}} so no lifting was required to move the stones.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hastings |first1=James |title=A Dictionary of the Bible: Volume IV: (Part II: Shimrath -- Zuzim) |date=October 2004a |orig-date=1889 |publisher=The Minerva Group |isbn=978-1-4102-1729-5 |page=892 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yk1CKgPRKtAC |access-date=28 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Barker |editor1-first=Simon J. |editor2-last=Courault |editor2-first=Christopher |editor3-last=Domingo |editor3-first=Javier Á |editor4-last=Maschek |editor4-first=Dominik |author1=Jeanine Abdul Massih |title=From Concept to Monument: Time and Costs of Construction in the Ancient World: Papers in Honour of Janet DeLaine |date=13 July 2023 |publisher=Archaeopress Publishing Ltd |isbn=978-1-78969-423-9 |page=170 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UajMEAAAQBAJ&dq=About+the+Baalbek+Trilithon:+The+Transport+and+Use+of+the+Megaliths&pg=PA171 |language=en |chapter=Quarrying Megaliths in Heliolopis Baalbek (Lebanon)}}</ref>

The temple complex was entered from the east through the [[Propylaea]] ({{lang|grc|προπύλαιον}}, ''propýlaion'') or Portico,{{sfnp|''DGRG''|1878|p=1037}} consisting of a broad staircase rising {{convert|20|ft}}{{sfnp|Jessup|1881|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA465 465]}} to an arcade of 12 columns flanked by 2 towers.{{sfnp|Cook|1914|p=[http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0639 556]}} Most of the columns have been toppled and the stairs were entirely dismantled for use in the nearby later wall,{{sfnp|Jessup|1881|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA456 456]}}{{efn|The staircase is shown intact on a coin from the reign of the [[list of Roman emperors|emperor]] [[Philip the Arab]].{{sfnp|Jessup|1881|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA456 456]}}}} but a Latin inscription remains on several of their bases stating that Longinus, a lifeguard of the [[1st Parthian Legion]], and Septimius, a freedman, gilded their capitals with [[bronze]] in gratitude for the safety of [[Septimius Severus]]'s son [[Antoninus Caracalla]] and empress [[Julia Domna]].{{sfnp|Jessup|1881|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA466 466]}}{{efn|The inscriptions were distinct in the 18th century{{sfnp|Wood|1757}} but becoming illegible by the end of the 19th:{{sfnp|Jessup|1881|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA466 466]}}<br /><br />{{sc|[i. o.] m. diis helivpol. pro sal.<br />[et] victoriis d. n. antonini pii fel. avg. et ivliæ avg. matris d. n. cast. senat. patr., avr. ant. longinvs specvl. leg. i.<br />[ant]oninianæ capita colvmnarvm dva ærea avro inlvminata sva pecvnia ex voto l. a. s.}}{{sfnp|Cook|1914|p=[http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0639 556]}}<br />and<br />{{sc|[i. o.] m. pro sal[vte] d. [n.] imp. antonin[i pii felicis...]<br />[...sep]timi[vs...] bas avg. lib. capvt colvmnæ æneum avro inl[vminat]vm votvm sva pecvnia l. [a. s.]}}{{sfnp|Cook|1914|p=[http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0639 556]}}}}

Immediately behind the Propylaeum is a hexagonal forecourt{{sfnp|Cook|1914|p=[http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0639 556]}} reached through a threefold entrance{{sfnp|''EB''|1878|p=177}} that was added in the mid-3rd century by the emperor [[Philip the Arab]].{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} Traces remain of the two series of columns which once encircled it, but its original function remains uncertain.{{sfnp|Cook|1914|p=[http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0639 556]}} [[William Bodham Donne|Donne]] reckoned it as the town's [[forum (Roman)|forum]].{{sfnp|''DGRG''|1878|p=1037}} Badly preserved coins of the era led some to believe this was a sacred [[cypress tree|cypress]] grove, but better specimens show that the coins displayed a single stalk of grain instead.{{sfnp|Cook|1914|p=[http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0641 558–559]}}

The rectangular Great Court to its west covers around {{convert|3|or|4|acre}}{{sfnp|''EB''|1878|p=177}} and included the main [[altar]] for [[sacrifice|burnt offering]], with [[Roman mosaic|mosaic]]-floored [[lustration]] basins to its north and south, a [[souterrain|subterranean chamber]]<!--sic-->,{{sfnp|Cook|1914|p=[http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0642 559]}} and three underground passageways {{convert|17|ft|abbr=on}} wide by {{convert|30|ft|abbr=on}} high, two of which run east and west and the third connecting them north and south, all bearing inscriptions suggesting their occupation by Roman soldiers.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878|p=177}} These were surrounded by [[Corinthian order|Corinthian]] [[portico]]es, one of which was never completed.{{sfnp|Cook|1914|p=[http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0642 559]}} The columns' bases and capitals were of limestone; the shafts were monoliths of highly polished red [[Roman Egypt|Egyptian]] [[granite]] {{convert|7.08|m|abbr=on}} high.{{sfnp|Cook|1914|p=[http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0642 559]}} Six remain standing, out of an original 128.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} Inscriptions attest that the court was once adorned by portraits of [[Marcus Aurelius]]'s daughter [[Vibia Aurelia Sabina|Sabina]], [[Septimius Severus]], [[Gordian I|Gordian]], and [[Velius Rufus]], dedicated by the city's Roman colonists.{{sfnp|Cook|1914|p=[http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0642 559]}} The [[entablature]] was richly decorated but is now mostly ruined.{{sfnp|Cook|1914|p=[http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0642 559]}} A westward-facing basilica was constructed over the altar during the reign of [[Theodosius I|Theodosius]]; it was later altered to make it eastward-facing like most [[Christianity|Christian]] [[church (building)|churches]].{{sfnp|Cook|1914|p=[http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0638 555]}}

[[File:Pano Baalbek 1.jpg|thumb|center|upright=4|The Great Court of ancient Heliopolis's temple complex]]

The Temple of Jupiter—once wrongly credited to [[Helios]]{{sfnp|Cook|1914|p=[http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0648 565]}}—lay at the western end of the Great Court, raised another {{convert|7|m|abbr=on}} on a {{convert|47.7|x|87.75|m|abbr=on}} platform reached by a wide staircase.{{sfnp|Cook|1914|p=[http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0643 560]}} Under the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]], it was also known as the "[[Trilithon]]" from the three massive stones in its foundation and, when taken together with the forecourt and Great Court, it is also known as the Great Temple.{{sfnp|''EB''|1911|p=90}} The Temple of Jupiter proper was circled by a [[peristyle]] of 54 unfluted [[Corinthian column]]s:{{sfnp|Jessup|1881|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA460 460]}} 10 in front and back and 19 along each side.{{sfnp|Cook|1914|p=[http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0643 560]}} The temple was ruined by earthquakes,{{sfnp|Cook|1914|p=[http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0639 556]}} destroyed and pillaged for stone under [[Theodosius I|Theodosius]],{{sfnp|Cook|1914|p=[http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0638 555]}} and 8 columns were taken to [[Constantinople]] ([[Istanbul]]) under [[Justinian I|Justinian]] for incorporation into the [[Hagia Sophia]].{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} Three fell during the late 18th century.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878|p=177}} 6 columns, however, remain standing along its south side with their entablature.{{sfnp|Cook|1914|p=[http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0643 560]}} Their capitals remain nearly perfect on the south side, while the [[Beqaa Valley|Beqaa]]'s winter winds have worn the northern faces almost bare.{{sfnp|Jessup|1881|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA462 462]}} The [[architrave]] and [[frieze]] blocks weigh up to {{convert|60|tonne}} each, and one corner block over {{convert|100|tonne}}, all of them raised to a height of {{convert|19|m|2|abbr=on}} above the ground.{{sfnp|Coulton|1974|p=16}} Individual [[Crane (machine)#Roman Empire|Roman cranes]] were not capable of lifting stones this heavy. They may have simply been rolled into position along temporary earthen banks from the quarry.{{sfnp|Jessup|1881|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA462 462]}} The [[Julio-Claudian emperors]] enriched its sanctuary in turn. In the mid-1st century, [[Nero]] built the tower-altar opposite the temple. In the early 2nd century, [[Trajan]] added the temple's forecourt, with [[portico]]s of [[granite|pink granite]] shipped from [[Aswan]] at the southern end of [[Roman Egypt|Egypt]].{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}

The [[Temple of Bacchus]]—once wrongly credited to Jupiter{{sfnp|Cook|1914|p=[http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0647 564]}}{{efn|It has also been misattributed to [[Apollo]] and [[Helios]].{{sfnp|''EB''|1878|p=177}} The locals once knew it as the ''Dar es-Sa'adeh'' or "Court of Happiness".{{sfnp|Jessup|1881|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA458 458]}}}}—may have been completed under [[Septimius Severus]] in the 190s, as his coins are the first to show it beside the Temple of Jupiter.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} It is the best preserved of the sanctuary's structures, as the other rubble from its ruins protected it.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} It is enriched by some of the most refined reliefs and sculpture to survive from [[classical antiquity|antiquity]].{{sfnp|Jessup|1881|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA459 459]}} The temple is surrounded by forty-two columns—8 along each end and 15 along each side{{sfnp|Jessup|1881|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA458 458]}}—nearly {{convert|20|m|abbr=on}} in height.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} These were probably erected in a rough state and then rounded, polished, and decorated in position.{{sfnp|Jessup|1881|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA459 459]}}{{efn|The [[cornice]] of the [[exaedrum]] in the northwest corner remains partially sculpted and partially plain.{{sfnp|Jessup|1881|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA459 459]}}}} The entrance was preserved as late as [[Richard Pococke|Pococke]]{{sfnp|Pococke|1745}} and [[Robert Wood (antiquarian)|Wood]],{{sfnp|Wood|1757}} but the [[keystone (architecture)|keystone]] of the [[lintel]] had slid {{convert|2|ft|abbr=on|0}} following the [[Near East earthquakes of 1759|1759 earthquakes]]; a column of rough masonry was erected in the 1860s or '70s to support it.{{sfnp|Jessup|1881|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA458 458]}} The [[Near East earthquakes of 1759|1759 earthquakes]] also damaged the area around the [[soffit]]'s famed inscription of an eagle,{{sfnp|''EB''|1878|p=178}} which was entirely covered by the keystone's supporting column. The area around the inscription of the eagle was greatly damaged by the [[Near East earthquakes of 1759|1759 earthquake]].{{sfnp|''EB''|1878|p=178}} The interior of the temple is divided into a {{convert|98|ft|adj=on|abbr=on}} [[nave]] and a {{convert|36|ft|adj=on|abbr=on}} [[adytum]] or sanctuary{{sfnp|Jessup|1881|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA458 458]}} on a platform raised {{convert|5|ft|abbr=on|0}} above it and fronted by 13 steps.{{sfnp|Jessup|1881|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA459 459]}} The screen between the two sections once held reliefs of [[Neptune (god)|Neptune]], [[Triton (god)|Triton]], [[Arion]] and his dolphin, and other marine figures{{sfnp|Maundrell|1703}} but these have been lost.{{sfnp|Jessup|1881|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA459 459]}} The temple was used as a kind of [[donjon]] for the medieval Arab and Turkish fortifications,{{sfnp|''EI''|1913|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA544 544]}} although its eastern steps were lost sometime after 1688.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} Much of the portico was incorporated into a huge wall directly before its gate, but this was demolished in July 1870 by Barker{{who|date=September 2015}} on orders from [[Ottoman Syria|Syria]]'s governor [[Rashid Pasha (governor of Syria)|Rashid Pasha]].{{sfnp|Jessup|1881|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA458 458]}} Two spiral staircases in columns on either side of the entrance lead to the roof.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878|p=178}}

The Temple of Venus—also known as the Circular Temple or [[Nymphaeum]]{{sfnp|Jessup|1881|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA466 466]}}—was added under [[Septimius Severus]] in the early 3rd century{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} but destroyed under [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]], who raised a basilica in its place.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878|p=178}} [[Samuel Jessup|Jessup]] considered it the "gem of Baalbek".{{sfnp|Jessup|1881|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA466 466]}} It lies about {{convert|150|yd|abbr=on}} from the southeast corner of the Temple of Bacchus.{{sfnp|Jessup|1881|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA466 466]}} It was known in the 19th century as ''El Barbara''{{sfnp|Jessup|1881|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA466 466]}} or ''Barbarat el-Atikah'' (St Barbara's), having been used as a [[Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]] church into the 18th century.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878|p=178}}{{efn|In the 1870s and '80s, its [[Metawali]] caretaker Um Kasim would demand [[bakshish]] from visitors and for use of the olive oil lamps used to make vows to St Barbara.{{sfnp|Jessup|1881|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA466 466]}}}}

The ancient walls of Heliopolis had a circumference of a little less than {{convert|4|mi|abbr=on|0}}.{{sfnp|''DGRG''|1878|p=1037}} Much of the extant fortifications around the complex date to the 13th century{{sfnp|Cook|1914|p=[http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0638 555]}} reconstruction undertaken by the [[Mamluk]] sultan [[Qalawun]] following the devastation of the earlier defenses by the [[Mongolian Empire|Mongol]] army under [[Kitbuqa]].{{sfnp|''EI''|1913|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA543 543]}} This includes the great southeast tower.{{sfnp|''EI''|1913|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA544 544]}} The earliest round of fortifications were two walls to the southwest of the Temples of Jupiter and Bacchus.{{sfnp|''EI''|1913|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA544 544]}} The original southern gateway with two small towers was filled in and replaced by a new large tower flanked by curtains,{{clarify|date=September 2015}} probably under [[Taj al-Muluk Buri|Buri]] or [[Imad ad-Din Zengi|Zengi]].{{sfnp|''EI''|1913|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA544 544]}} [[Bahramshah]] replaced that era's southwest tower with one of his own in 1213 and built another in the northwest in 1224; the west tower was probably strengthened around the same time.{{sfnp|''EI''|1913|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA544 544]}} An inscription dates the [[barbican]]-like strengthening of the southern entrance to around 1240.{{sfnp|''EI''|1913|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA544 544]}} Qalawun relocated the two western curtains{{clarify|date=September 2015}} nearer to the western tower, which was rebuilt with great blocks of stone. The barbican was repaired and more turns added to its approach.{{sfnp|''EI''|1913|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA544 544]}} From around 1300, no alterations were made to the fortifications apart from repairs such as Sultan [[Barkuk]]'s restoration of the moat in preparation for Timur's arrival.{{sfnp|''EI''|1913|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA544 544]}}

Material from the ruins is incorporated into a ruined mosque north of downtown{{sfnp|Jessup|1881|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA467 467]}} and probably also in the [[Qubbat Duris]] on the road to [[Damascus]].{{sfnp|Jessup|1881|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA467 467]}} In the 19th century, a "shell-topped canopy" from the ruins was used nearby as a [[mihrab]], propped up to show locals the direction of [[Mecca]] for their [[Salah|daily prayers]].{{sfnp|Jessup|1881|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA467 467]}}

===Tomb of Husayn's daughter===
Under a white dome further towards town is the tomb of Khawla, daughter of [[Husayn ibn Ali|Hussein]] and granddaughter of Ali, who died in Baalbek while Husayn's family was being transported as prisoners to Damascus.<ref>Michel M. Alouf -History of Baalbek 1922 "After the defeat and murder of Hossein by the Ommiads, his family was led captive to Damascus; but Kholat died at Baalbek on her way into exile."</ref><ref>Nelles Guide Syria – Lebanon -Wolfgang Gockel, Helga Bruns – 1998 – Page 202 3886181057 "Ensconced under a white dome further towards town are the mortal remains of Kholat, daughter of Hussein and granddaughter of."</ref>