Editing Ayahuasca (section)

== Non-traditional use ==
In the late 20th century, the practice of ayahuasca drinking began spreading to Europe, North America and elsewhere.<ref name="Tupper">{{cite journal|last=Tupper|first=Kenneth|date=August 2008|title=The Globalization of Ayahuasca: Harm Reduction or Benefit Maximization?|journal=International Journal of Drug Policy|volume=19|issue=4|pages=297–303|citeseerx=10.1.1.517.9508|doi=10.1016/j.drugpo.2006.11.001|pmid=18638702}}<!--|access-date=2013-12-12--></ref> The first ayahuasca churches, affiliated with the Brazilian [[Santo Daime]], were established in the [[Netherlands]]. A legal case was filed against two of the Church's leaders, Hans Bogers (one of the original founders of the Dutch Santo Daime community) and Geraldine Fijneman (the head of the [[Amsterdam]] Santo Daime community). Bogers and Fijneman were charged with distributing a [[controlled substance]] (DMT); however, the prosecution was unable to prove that the use of ayahuasca by members of the Santo Daime constituted a sufficient threat to public health and order such that it warranted denying their rights to [[religious freedom]] under [[European Convention on Human Rights#Article 9 - conscience and religion|ECHR Article 9]]. The 2001 verdict of the Amsterdam district court is an important precedent. Since then groups that are not affiliated to the Santo Daime have used ayahuasca, and a number of different "styles" have been developed, including non-religious approaches.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alì|first=Maurizio|year=2015|title=How to Disappear Completely. Community Dynamics and Deindividuation in Neo-Shamanic Urban Practices|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01201764/document|journal=Shaman - Journal of the International Society for Academic Research on Shamanism|volume=23|issue=1–2|pages=17–52|via=HAL}}</ref>

=== Ayahuasca analogs ===
{{See also|Pharmahuasca}}
[[File:Syrian Rue Seeds.jpg|thumb|right|[[Syrian rue]] seeds can be used to provide an MAOI.]]
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In modern Europe and North America, ayahuasca analogs are often prepared using non-traditional plants which contain the same alkaloids. For example, seeds of the [[Syrian rue]] plant can be used as a substitute for the ayahuasca vine, and the DMT-rich ''[[Mimosa hostilis]]'' is used in place of ''[[chacruna]]''. Australia has several indigenous plants which are popular among modern ''[[ayahuasqueros]]'' there, such as various DMT-rich species of ''[[Acacia]]''.

The name "ayahuasca" specifically refers to a botanical [[decoction]] that contains ''[[Banisteriopsis caapi]]''.

Brews similar to ayahuasca may be prepared using several plants not traditionally used in South America:

DMT admixtures:
* ''[[Acacia maidenii]]'' (Maiden's wattle) – bark *not all plants are "active strains", meaning some plants will have very little DMT and others larger amounts
* ''[[Acacia phlebophylla]]'', and other [[Acacia]]s, most commonly employed in Australia – bark
* ''[[Anadenanthera peregrina]]'', ''A. colubrina, A. excelsa, A. macrocarpa''
* ''[[Desmanthus illinoensis]]'' (Illinois bundleflower) – root bark is mixed with a native source of [[beta-Carboline]]s (e.g., [[Passiflora|passion flower]] in North America) to produce a hallucinogenic drink called prairiehuasca.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Hegnauer, R. |author2=Hegnauer, M. |year=1996 |title=Caesalpinioideae und Mimosoideae Volume 1 Part 2 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-7643-5165-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bUV8C6iLFkEC |page=199}}</ref>

MAOI admixtures:
* [[Harmal]] (''Peganum harmala'', Syrian rue) – seeds
* [[Passion flower]]
* [[Monoamine oxidase inhibitor#List of MAOIs|synthetic MAOIs]], especially [[Reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A|RIMAs]] (due to the dangers presented by irreversible MAOIs)