Editing Astronomy (section)

=== Fields not based on the electromagnetic spectrum ===
In addition to electromagnetic radiation, a few other events originating from great distances may be observed from the Earth.{{cn|date=March 2025}}

In [[neutrino astronomy]], astronomers use heavily shielded [[Neutrino observatory|underground facilities]] such as [[SAGE (ruSsian American Gallium Experiment)|SAGE]], [[GALLEX]], and [[Kamioka Observatory|Kamioka II/III]] for the detection of [[neutrino]]s. The vast majority of the neutrinos streaming through the Earth originate from the [[Sun]], but 24 neutrinos were also detected from [[supernova 1987A]].<ref name="cox2000"/> [[Cosmic ray]]s, which consist of very high energy particles (atomic nuclei) that can decay or be absorbed when they enter the Earth's atmosphere, result in a cascade of secondary particles which can be detected by current observatories.<ref>{{cite book
|first=Thomas K.|last=Gaisser|date=1990
|title=Cosmic Rays and Particle Physics|url=https://archive.org/details/cosmicrayspartic0000gais|url-access=registration|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cosmicrayspartic0000gais/page/1 1–2]
|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-33931-5}}</ref> Some future [[neutrino detector]]s may also be sensitive to the particles produced when cosmic rays hit the Earth's atmosphere.<ref name="cox2000"/>

[[Gravitational-wave astronomy]] is an emerging field of astronomy that employs [[gravitational-wave detector]]s to collect observational data about distant massive objects. A few observatories have been constructed, such as the ''Laser Interferometer Gravitational Observatory'' [[LIGO]]. LIGO made its [[First observation of gravitational waves|first detection]] on 14 September 2015, observing gravitational waves from a [[binary black hole]].<ref name="PRL-20160211">{{cite journal |collaboration=LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration |last1=Abbott |first1=Benjamin P. |title=Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger |journal=[[Physical Review Letters]] |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=061102 |year=2016 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102 |arxiv=1602.03837 |bibcode=2016PhRvL.116f1102A |pmid=26918975 |s2cid=124959784 }}</ref> A second [[gravitational wave]] was detected on 26 December 2015 and additional observations should continue but [[gravitational wave]]s require extremely sensitive instruments.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.europhysicsnews.org/index.php?option=article&access=standard&Itemid=129&url=/articles/epn/abs/2003/02/epn03208/epn03208.html |title=Opening new windows in observing the Universe |last1=Tammann |first1=Gustav-Andreas <!-- Gustav Alfred Andreas -->|author-link=Gustav Andreas Tammann |first2=Friedrich-Karl |last2=Thielemann |author-link2=Friedrich-Karl Thielemann |first3=Dirk |last3=Trautmann |date=2003 |publisher=Europhysics News |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906192257/http://www.europhysicsnews.org/index.php?option=com_article&access=standard&Itemid=129&url=/articles/epn/abs/2003/02/epn03208/epn03208.html |archive-date=6 September 2012 |access-date=17 November 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |author1=LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration |last2=Abbott |first2=B. P. |last3=Abbott |first3=R. |last4=Abbott |first4=T. D.|last5=Abernathy |first5=M. R. |last6=Acernese |first6=F. |last7=Ackley |first7=K. |last8=Adams |first8=C. |last9=Adams |first9=T. |date=15 June 2016 |title=GW151226: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a 22-Solar-Mass Binary Black Hole Coalescence |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=116 |issue=24 |pages=241103 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.241103 |pmid=27367379 |arxiv=1606.04855 |bibcode=2016PhRvL.116x1103A |s2cid=118651851 }}</ref>

The combination of observations made using electromagnetic radiation, neutrinos or gravitational waves and other complementary information, is known as [[multi-messenger astronomy]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Planning for a bright tomorrow: Prospects for gravitational-wave astronomy with Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo|url=http://www.ligo.org/science/Publication-ObservingScenario/index.php|publisher=[[LIGO Scientific Collaboration]]|access-date=31 December 2015|archive-date=23 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423031110/http://www.ligo.org/science/Publication-ObservingScenario/index.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Neutrinos in Particle Physics, Astronomy and Cosmology |first1=Zhizhong |last1=Xing |first2=Shun |last2=Zhou |publisher=Springer |date=2011 |isbn=978-3-642-17560-2 |page=313 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6QXqlCHLjJkC&pg=PA313 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=3 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203012300/https://books.google.com/books?id=6QXqlCHLjJkC&pg=PA313 |url-status=live }}</ref>