Editing Arabic (section)

=== Lexicography ===
{{See also|List of Arabic dictionaries}}

==== Pre-modern Arabic lexicography ====
The tradition of Arabic [[lexicography]] extended for about a millennium before the [[Modern era|modern period]].<ref name="Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE-2020">{{Cite journal |title=Lexicography, Arabic |year=2020 |publisher=Brill |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_35848 |language=en |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_com_35848|journal=Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE}}</ref> Early lexicographers ({{Lang|ar|لُغَوِيُّون}} ''lughawiyyūn'') sought to explain words in the [[Quran]] that were unfamiliar or had a particular contextual meaning, and to identify words of non-Arabic origin that appear in the Quran.<ref name="Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE-2020" /> They gathered ''shawāhid'' ({{Lang|ar|شَوَاهِد}} 'instances of attested usage') from [[Arabic poetry|poetry]] and the speech of the Arabs—particularly the Bedouin {{Ill|ʾaʿrāb (Bedouins)|lt=ʾaʿrāb|ar|أعراب}} ({{Lang|ar|أَعْراب}}) who were perceived to speak the "purest," most eloquent form of Arabic—initiating a process of ''jamʿu‿l-luɣah'' ({{Lang|ar|جمع اللغة}} 'compiling the language') which took place over the 8th and early 9th centuries.<ref name="Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE-2020" />[[File:Birmingham Quran manuscript full.jpg|thumb|Arabic from the Quran in the old Hijazi dialect (Hijazi script, 7th century&nbsp;AD)]][[Kitab al-'Ayn|''Kitāb al-'Ayn'']] ({{Circa|8th century}}), attributed to [[Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi]], is considered the first [[Dictionary|lexicon]] to include all [[Semitic root|Arabic roots]]; it sought to exhaust all possible root [[permutation]]s—later called ''taqālīb'' ({{Lang|ar|تقاليب}})''—''calling those that are actually used ''mustaʿmal'' ({{Lang|ar|مستعمَل}}) and those that are not used ''muhmal'' ({{Lang|ar|مُهمَل}}).<ref name="Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE-2020" /> [[Lisan al-Arab|''Lisān al-ʿArab'']] (1290) by [[Ibn Manzur]] gives 9,273 roots, while [[Taj al-'Arus min Jawahir al-Qamus|''Tāj al-ʿArūs'']] (1774) by [[Murtada al-Zabidi|Murtada az-Zabidi]] gives 11,978 roots.<ref name="Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE-2020" />

This lexicographic tradition was traditionalist and corrective in nature—holding that linguistic correctness and eloquence derive from Qurʾānic usage, {{Ill|Jahili poetry|lt=pre-Islamic poetry|fr|Littérature préislamique|ar|أدب جاهلي}}, and Bedouin speech—positioning itself against ''laḥnu‿l-ʿāmmah'' ({{Lang|ar|لَحْن العامة}}), the [[solecism]] it viewed as defective.<ref name="Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE-2020" />

==== Western lexicography of Arabic ====
In the second half of the 19th century, the British Arabist [[Edward William Lane]], working with the Egyptian scholar {{Ill|Ibrāhīm Abd al-Ghaffār ad-Dasūqī|ar|إبراهيم عبد الغفار الدسوقي}},<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Richards |first=D. S. |date=1999 |title=Edward Lane's Surviving Arabic Correspondence |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25183625 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=1–25 |doi=10.1017/S135618630001590X |jstor=25183625 |s2cid=161420127 |issn=1356-1863}}</ref> compiled the ''[[Arabic–English Lexicon]]'' by translating material from earlier Arabic lexica into English.<ref>{{Cite journal |year=2020 |title=Lane, Edward William |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_35793 |journal=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |language=en |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_com_35793}}</ref> The German Arabist [[Hans Wehr]], with contributions from [[Hedwig Klein]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hedwig Klein and "Mein Kampf": The unknown Arabist - Qantara.de |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/hedwig-klein-and-mein-kampf-the-unknown-arabist |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Qantara.de – Dialogue with the Islamic World |date=7 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref> compiled the ''[[Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart]]'' (1952), later translated into English as ''[[A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic]]'' (1961), based on established usage, especially in literature.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abu-Haidar |first=J. A. |date=1983 |title=Review of A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic (Arabic-English) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/615409 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=351–353 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00079040 |jstor=615409 |s2cid=162954225 |issn=0041-977X}}</ref>

==== Modern Arabic lexicography ====
The [[Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo]] sought to publish a [[historical dictionary]] of Arabic in the vein of the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', tracing the changes of meanings and uses of Arabic words over time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-15 |title=المعجم التاريخي للعربية.. ضوء في عتمة الهوان |url=https://www.hespress.com/المعجم-التاريخي-للعربية-ضوء-في-عتمة-ال-738317.html |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=Hespress – هسبريس جريدة إلكترونية مغربية |language=ar}}</ref> A first volume of [[Al-Mu'jam al-Kabir (dictionary)|''Al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr'']] was published in 1956 under the leadership of [[Taha Hussein]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=von Grunebaum |first=G. E. |date=1959 |title=Review of Al-Muʿjam al-kabīr, Murad Kāmil, Ibrāhīm al-Ibyārī |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/543279 |journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=157–159 |doi=10.1086/371525 |jstor=543279 |issn=0022-2968}}</ref> The project is not yet complete; its 15th volume, covering the letter ''[[Tsade#Arabic ṣād|ṣād]]'', was published in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=الجبر |first=خالد |title=معجم الدوحة التاريخي للغة العربية.. الواقع الحقيقي للغة والحضارة |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/opinions/2022/8/30/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%ac%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ae%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%82%d9%8a%d9%82%d9%8a |access-date=2023-06-17 |website=www.aljazeera.net |language=ar}}</ref>