Editing Antisemitism in Christianity (section)

=== Massacres ===
Starting in the 11th century, the [[Crusades]] unleashed a wave of antisemitism, with attacks, massacres and forced conversions of Jews, which continued to occur throughout the Middle Ages.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2025-04-16 |title=Judaism - Marginalization, Expulsion, Diaspora {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Judaism/Marginalization-and-expulsion |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>  While Muslims of the Holy Land were the primary targets, the Crusades soon expanded to other perceived enemies of Christianity inside Europe - pagans ([[Northern Crusades]]) and heretics ([[Albigensian Crusade]]). Jews become targets of the Crusaders, due to their being viewed as "enemies of God", responsible for Christ's crucifixion.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Cohen |first=Jeremy |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Christ_Killers/z0vuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=jeremy+cohen+christ&dq=jeremy+cohen+christ&printsec=frontcover |title=Christ Killers: The Jews and the Passion from the Bible to the Big Screen |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-517841-8 |pages=55 |language=en}}</ref>

The knights of the First Crusade perpetrated the [[Rhineland massacres]] of Jews in 1096, while the Second Crusade led to massacres in France. The gathering for the Third Crusade in 1189-1190 brought about massacres of Jews&nbsp;in London,<ref name="fordham london massacre">{{cite web |author=[[Roger of Hoveden]] |title=The Persecution of Jews, 1189 |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/hoveden1189b.asp |access-date=2 January 2012 |work=[[Medieval Sourcebook]] |publisher=[[Fordham University]]}}</ref> Northampton<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Dan |author-link=Dan Jones (writer) |title=[[The Plantagenets: The Kings Who Made England]] |date=2012-05-10 |publisher=[[HarperCollins Publishers]] |isbn=978-0-00-745749-6 |language=en}}</ref> and [[York]]<ref>{{cite conference |date=March 2010 |title=York 1190: Jews and Others in the Wake of Massacre |url=http://www.york.ac.uk/medieval-studies/york-1190/about-york-1190-massacre-conference.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117173923/http://www.york.ac.uk/medieval-studies/york-1190/about-york-1190-massacre-conference.html |archive-date=January 17, 2012 |access-date=December 29, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Further massacres followed in [[Rintfleisch massacres|Franconia (1298)]], and in France in 1320 as part of the [[Shepherds' Crusade (1320)|Shepherds' Crusade]].<ref name=":4" /> The [[Massacre of 1391|1391 massacres]] of Jews in Spain, proved to be especially deadly, forcing many to convert. A prime mover of the violence in Spain was Archdeacon [[Ferrand Martínez|Ferrand Martinez]], who called for the [[Religious persecution|persecution of the Jews]] in his [[homilies]] and speeches,<ref name="Knowledge Commons2">{{Cite journal |date=10 September 2020 |editor-last=Miguel-Prendes |editor-first=Sol |editor2-last=Sofier Irish |editor2-first=Maya |editor3-last=Wacks |editor3-first=David A. |title=Ferrán Martínez's speech at the Tribunal del Alcázar in Seville, 19 February, 1388 (English version) |url=https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:32497/ |access-date=September 8, 2024 |website=Knowledge Commons}}</ref> claiming that he was [[God|obeying God's commandment]].<ref name="Lea 18962">{{cite journal |last1=Lea |first1=Henry Charles |date=1896 |title=Ferrand Martinez and the Massacres of 1391 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=209–219 |doi=10.1086/ahr/1.2.209 |jstor=1833647 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In [[Vienna Gesera|Austria in 1420]] all Jews were arrested and jailed, with 200 burned alive on the pyre.