Editing Anti-psychiatry (section)

=== Electroconvulsive therapy ===
{{Main|Electroconvulsive therapy}}
[[File:Bergonic chair.jpg|thumb|A Bergonic chair "for giving general electric treatment for psychological effect, in psycho-neurotic cases", according to original photo description. World War I era.]]
Psychiatrists may advocate psychiatric drugs, psychotherapy or more controversial interventions such as electroshock or [[psychosurgery]] to treat mental illness. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is administered worldwide typically for severe mental disorders. Across the globe it has been estimated that approximately 1&nbsp;million patients receive ECT per year.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=J. |last1=Prudic |first2=M. |last2=Olfson |first3=H.A. |last3=Sackeim |title=Electro-convulsive therapy practices in the community |doi=10.1017/S0033291701003750 |pmid=11459391 |journal=Psychological Medicine |date=July 2001 |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=929–934 |s2cid=12210381 }}</ref> Exact numbers of how many persons per year have ECT in the United States are unknown due to the variability of settings and treatment. Researchers' estimates generally range from 100,000 to 200,000 persons per year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ect.org/paper-on-ect-statistics-at-mh-stats-conference |title=Paper on ECT statistics at MH Stats Conference |website=ect.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925233153/http://www.ect.org/paper-on-ect-statistics-at-mh-stats-conference/ |archive-date=2006-09-25}}</ref>{{self-published inline |certain=yes|date=April 2022}}

Some persons receiving ECT die during the procedure (ECT is performed under a general anesthetic, which always carries a risk). [[Leonard Roy Frank]] writes that estimates of ECT-related death rates vary widely. The lower estimates include: 
*2–4 in 100,000 (from Kramer's 1994 study of 28,437 patients)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kramer|first=B. A.|date=1999-12-01|title=Use of ECT in California, revisited: 1984-1994|journal=The Journal of ECT|volume=15|issue=4|pages=245–251|issn=1095-0680|pmid=10614030|doi=10.1097/00124509-199912000-00002}}</ref> 
*1 in 10,000 (Boodman's first entry in 1996)
*1 in 1,000 (Impastato's first entry in 1957)
*1 in 200, among the elderly, over 60 (Impastato's in 1957) 
Higher estimates include:
*1 in 102 (Martin's entry in 1949)
*1 in 95 (Boodman's first entry in 1996)
*1 in 92 (Freeman and Kendell's entry in 1976)
*1 in 89 (Sagebiel's in 1961)
*1 in 69 (Gralnick's in 1946)
*1 in 63, among a group undergoing intensive ECT (Perry's in 1963–1979)
*1 in 38 (Ehrenberg's in 1955)
*1 in 30 (Kurland's in 1959)
*1 in 9, among a group undergoing intensive ECT (Weil's in 1949)
*1 in 4, among the very elderly, over 80 (Kroessler and Fogel's in 1974–1986).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.endofshock.com/102C_ECT.PDF |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.endofshock.com/102C_ECT.PDF |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=The Electroshock Quotationary |author=Leonard Roy Frank |access-date=2014-01-13 |date=June 2006 |website=Endofshock.com}}</ref>{{page needed|date=January 2014}}<!--this is 154 pages long-->