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===VistaVision=== {{Main|VistaVision}} [[File:35 mm film (8-perf VistaVision).svg|thumb|right|upright=1.76|A diagram of the [[VistaVision]] format, affectionately dubbed "Lazy 8" because it is eight [[film perforations|perforations]] long and runs horizontally (lying down)]] The [[VistaVision]] motion picture format was created in 1954 by [[Paramount Pictures]] to create a finer-grained negative and print for flat widescreen films.<ref name="vista">{{cite book |editor-last=Nowell-Smith |editor-first=Geoffrey |title=The Oxford History of World Cinema |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofw00geof |url-access=registration |pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofw00geof/page/446 446β449] |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=1996}}</ref> Similar to still photography, the format uses a camera running 35 mm film horizontally instead of vertically through the camera, with frames that are eight perforations long, resulting in a wider aspect ratio of 1.5:1 and greater detail, as more of the negative area is used per frame.<ref name="asc" /> This format is unprojectable in standard theaters and requires an optical step to reduce the image into the standard 4-perf vertical 35 mm frame.<ref name="achart">{{cite book |last=Hart |first=Douglas C. |title=The Camera Assistant: A Complete Professional Handbook |publisher=Focal Press |location=Boston |year=1996 |url=https://archive.org/details/cameraassistantc0000hart |isbn=0-240-80042-7}}</ref> While the format was dormant by the early 1960s, the camera system was revived for visual effects by [[John Dykstra]] at [[Industrial Light and Magic]], starting with ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]'', as a way of reducing granularity in the [[optical printer]] by having increased [[original camera negative]] area at the point of image origination.<ref name="starwars">{{cite journal |last1=Blalack |first1=Robert |first2=Paul |last2=Roth |title=Composite Optical and Photographic Effects |journal=American Cinematographer Magazine |date=July 1977}}</ref> Its usage has again declined since the dominance of computer-based visual effects, although it still sees limited utilization.<ref name="batman">{{cite web|url=http://www.fxguide.com/article262.html |title=Double Negative Breaks Down ''Batman Begins'' |website=FXGuide |date=July 18, 2005 | access-date=August 11, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016104400/http://www.fxguide.com/article262.html |archive-date=October 16, 2006 }}</ref>
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