Editing 2001 (section)

=== International politics ===
[[File:Genova-G8 2001-Incidenti a Corso Torino.jpg|thumb|Anti-globalization activists burning a military vehicle outside of the [[27th G8 summit]]]]
Two major regional organizations were announced in 2001. The [[African Union]] was established on May 26 as a pan-African forum to promote unity between African countries, including cooperation in economic and security issues, and would replace the [[Organisation of African Unity]] in 2002.<ref name="Adeniyi-2016" /> The [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]] was announced on June 15 to facilitate political and economic cooperation between Asian countries.<ref name="SCO-2017" /> Three countries joined the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO) in 2001: Lithuania on May 31,<ref name="Lithuania-2021">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-31 |title=Lithuania marks 20th anniversary of its accession to the World Trade Organization |url=https://ca.urm.lt/default/en/news/lithuania-marks-20th-anniversary-of-its-accession-to-the-wold-trade-organization-1 |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |last1=Kryptis |first1=Dizaino }}</ref> Moldova on July 26,<ref name="auto23">{{Cite web |date=2021-07-26 |title=The Republic of Moldova marks 20 years since joining the World Trade Organization |url=https://mfa.gov.md/en/content/republic-moldova-marks-20-years-joining-world-trade-organization |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of the Republic of Moldova |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120215454/https://mfa.gov.md/en/content/republic-moldova-marks-20-years-joining-world-trade-organization |url-status=live }}</ref> and China on December 11.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title=China and the WTO |url=https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/china_e.htm |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=World Trade Organization |archive-date=February 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224134433/https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/china_e.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The WTO began the [[Doha Development Round]] in November to negotiate lower trade barriers between countries and integrate developing nations into the global economy.<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|page=18}}

The [[World Conference against Racism 2001]] began on August 31, in [[Durban]], South Africa, under&nbsp;the auspices of the [[United Nations]].<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |title=Racism and Human Rights (World Conference Against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance - 2001) |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/campaigns/race/ |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Human Rights Watch |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209022152/https://www.hrw.org/legacy/campaigns/race/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Israel and the United States withdrew from the conference on September 3 over objections to a draft resolution document equating [[Zionism]] with racism and singling out the Jewish state for war crimes.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|date=2009-04-20 |title=Anti-Semitism at the UN |url=https://www.dw.com/en/controversy-over-israel-dogs-un-racism-conference-again/a-4193498 |access-date=2022-12-04 |archive-date=2022-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120043740/https://www.dw.com/en/controversy-over-israel-dogs-un-racism-conference-again/a-4193498|website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=en}}</ref> The [[Aarhus Convention]] took effect on October 30, establishing the right to environmental information and [[environmental justice]] for European and Central Asian countries.<ref name="auto7">{{Cite journal |last=Rodenhoff |first=Vera |date=2002 |title=The Aarhus Convention and its Implications for the 'Institutions' of the European Community |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9388.00332 |journal=Review of European Community & International Environmental Law |language=en |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=343–357 |doi=10.1111/1467-9388.00332 |issn=0962-8797 |access-date=December 2, 2022 |archive-date=December 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202223718/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9388.00332 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[27th G8 summit]] was marred by anti-globalization protests in [[Genoa]], Italy. Massive demonstrations, drawing an estimated 200,000 people, were held against the meeting. One demonstrator, [[Death of Carlo Giuliani|Carlo Giuliani]], was killed by a policeman, and several others were injured.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=76}}{{Failed verification|date=November 2023}} The September 11 attacks demonstrated a need for international law to address terrorism and other non-state actors, and a push by UN Secretary General [[Kofi Annan]] in November saw progress in multiple international treaties.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=491}} The [[Convention on Cybercrime]], the first international treaty to address [[cybercrime]], was signed on November 23.<ref name="Weber-2003" />

Diplomatic disputes in 2001 included a [[Hainan Island incident|diplomatic incident]] when an American [[Reconnaissance aircraft|spy plane]] and a Chinese [[fighter plane]] collided over the South China Sea,<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|pages=70–71}} and a dispute between Japan and North Korea when the North Korean leader's son, [[Kim Jong-nam]], attempted to sneak into [[Tokyo Disneyland]].<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=76}} [[Achievement test]]s and stricter penalties against delinquent students became controversial educational practices in several countries.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=206}}