Editing 1992 Summer Olympics (section)

== Effect on the city ==
[[File:050529 Barcelona 049.jpg|thumb|[[Frank Gehry]]'s ''Fish'' sculpture in front of the [[Hotel Arts]] (left) and the [[Torre Mapfre]] (right) in the Olympic Village neighbourhood]]
The celebration of the 1992 Olympic Games had an enormous impact on the urban culture and outward projection of Barcelona. The Games provided billions of dollars for infrastructure investments, which are considered to have improved the quality of life in the city, and its attraction for investment and tourism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://olympicstudies.uab.cat/pdf/wp084_eng.pdf |title=The economic impact of the Barcelona Olympic Games, 1986–2004 |date=2005 |last=Brunet |first=Ferran |publisher=[[Autonomous University of Barcelona]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419040527/http://olympicstudies.uab.es/pdf/wp084_eng.pdf |archive-date=19 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Barcelona became one of the most visited cities in Europe after [[Paris]], [[London]], and [[Rome]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26042517|title=The Olympics Effect|last=Payne|first=Bob |date=6 August 2008 |publisher=[[MSNBC]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080902014838/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26042517/ |archive-date=2 September 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.euromonitor.com/Top_150_City_Destinations_London_Leads_the_Way |title=Top 150 City Destinations: London Leads the Way |last=Bremner |first=Caroline |date=11 October 2007 |publisher=Euromonitor International |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901220258/http://www.euromonitor.com/Top_150_City_Destinations_London_Leads_the_Way |archive-date=1 September 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Barcelona's nomination for the 1992 Summer Olympics sparked the implementation of an ambitious plan for urban transformation that had already been developed previously.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://olympicstudies.uab.cat/pdf/od006_eng.pdf|title=An economic analysis of the Barcelona '92 Olympic Games: resources, financing, and impact |date=1995 |last=Brunet|first=Ferran|publisher=[[Autonomous University of Barcelona]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905050923/http://olympicstudies.uab.cat/pdf/od006_eng.pdf|archive-date=5 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Barcelona was opened to the sea with the construction of the Olympic Village and Olympic Port in [[El Poblenou|Poblenou]]. New centers were created, and modern sports facilities were built in the Olympic zones of [[Montjuïc]], [[Avinguda Diagonal, Barcelona|Diagonal]], and [[La Vall d'Hebron|Vall d'Hebron]]; hotels were also refurbished and new ones built. The construction of [[ring road]]s around the city helped to reduce traffic density, and [[Barcelona Airport|El Prat airport]] was modernized and expanded with the opening of two new terminals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23933816-the-olympic-legacy-lessons-of-barcelona-on-thames-1992-games-provided-model-for-london-and-a-few-warnings.do|title=Lessons of Barcelona: 1992 Games provided model for London... and few warnings|last=Beard|first=Matthew|publisher=London Evening Standard|date=22 March 2011|access-date=31 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405170255/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23933816-the-olympic-legacy-lessons-of-barcelona-on-thames-1992-games-provided-model-for-london-and-a-few-warnings.do|archive-date=5 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Cost and cost overrun ===
The ''Oxford Olympics Study''<ref name="Oxford Study">{{Cite book|ssrn=2804554|title=The Oxford Olympics Study 2016: Cost and Cost Overrun at the Games|last1=Flyvbjerg|first1=Bent|last2=Stewart|first2=Allison|last3=Budzier|first3=Alexander|publisher=Saïd Business School Working Papers (Oxford: University of Oxford)|year=2016|location=Oxford|pages=18–20}}</ref> estimates the direct costs of the Barcelona 1992 Summer Olympics to be US$9.7 billion (expressed in 2015 U.S. dollars) with a cost overrun of 266%. This includes only sports-related costs, that is: (i) ''operational costs'' incurred by the organizing committee for the purpose of staging the Games, e.g., expenditures for technology, direct transportation, workforce, administration, security, catering, ceremonies, and medical services; and (ii) ''direct capital costs'' incurred by the host city and country or private investors to build the competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, media and press center, and similar structures required to host the Games. Costs ''excluded'' from the study are indirect capital and infrastructure costs, such as for road, rail, or airport infrastructure, or for hotel upgrades or other business investment incurred in preparation for the Games.<ref name="Oxford Study" /><ref name="WEF">{{cite web|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/07/the-cost-to-cities-of-hosting-the-olympics-since-1964/|title=The cost of hosting every Olympics since 1964|type=Based on working paper from The University of Oxford and Said Business School|date=29 July 2016|author=Joe Myers|publisher=[[World Economic Forum]]}}</ref>

The costs for Barcelona 1992 may be compared with those of [[2012 Summer Olympics|London 2012]], which cost US$15 billion with a cost overrun of 76%, and those of [[2016 Summer Olympics|Rio 2016]] which cost US$4.6 billion with a cost overrun of 51%. The average cost for the Summer Olympics since 1960 is US$5.2 billion, with an average cost overrun of 176%.<ref name="Oxford Study" /><ref name="WEF" />