Editing 11th century (section)

==Inventions, discoveries, introductions==
[[Image:Latin Ibn Haithem's book.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Latin]] translation of the ''[[Book of Optics]]'' (1021), written by the [[Islamic physics|Iraqi physicist]], [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (Alhazen)]]
[[Image:Konstantinderafrikaner.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Constantine the African]] examines patients' urine; he taught [[ancient Greek medicine]] and [[Islamic medicine]] at the [[Schola Medica Salernitana]].]]
[[Image:Clock Tower from Su Song's Book desmear.JPG|thumb|upright|The original diagram of [[Su Song]]'s book ''Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao'' (published 1092) showing the [[Water clock|clepsydra]] tank, [[waterwheel]], [[escapement]] mechanism, [[chain drive]], [[striking clock]] jacks, and [[armillary sphere]] of his [[clock tower]] ]]
[[Image:Lunar phases al-Biruni.jpg|thumb|upright|Diagram from [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī|al-Bīrūnī's]] book ''Kitab al-tafhim'' showing lunar phases and [[lunar eclipse]] ]]
[[File:Spherical astrolabe 2.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Armillary sphere#History|spherical astrolabe]], long employed in medieval [[Islamic astronomy]], was introduced to Europe by Gerbert d'Aurillac, later [[Pope Sylvester II]].]]

===Science and technology===
{{Main|Timeline of historic inventions#11th century}}
* Early 11th century – [[Fan Kuan]] paints ''Travelers among Mountains and Streams''. [[Northern Song dynasty]]. It is now kept at [[National Palace Museum]], [[Taipei]], [[Republic of China|Taiwan (Republic of China)]].
*c. 1000 – [[Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi]] (Abulcasis) of [[al-Andalus]] publishes his influential 30-volume [[Islamic medicine|Arabic medical]] encyclopedia, the ''[[Al-Tasrif]]''
*c. 1000 – [[Ibn Yunus]] of [[Egypt]] publishes his astronomical treatise ''Al-Zij al-Hakimi al-Kabir''.
*c. 1000 – [[Abū Sahl al-Qūhī|Abu Sahl al-Quhi]] (Kuhi)
*c. 1000 – [[Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi]]
*c. 1000 – [[Law of sines]] is discovered by [[Islamic mathematics|Muslim mathematicians]], but it is uncertain who discovers it first between [[Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi]], [[Abu Nasr Mansur]], and [[Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī|Abu al-Wafa]].
*c. 1000 – Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili
*1000–1048 – [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]] of Persia writes more than a hundred books on many different topics.<ref>Kennedy, 152.</ref>
*1001–1100 – the demands of the Chinese [[iron industry]] for [[charcoal]] led to a huge amount of [[deforestation]], which was curbed when the Chinese discovered how to use [[bituminous coal]] in smelting [[cast iron]] and [[steel]], thus sparing thousands of acres of prime timberland.<ref name="ebrey 2006 158">Ebrey et al. (2006), 158.</ref>
*1003 – [[Pope Sylvester II]], born Gerbert d'Aurillac, dies; however, his teaching continued to influence those of the 11th century;<ref>Darlington, 474–475.</ref> his works included a book on [[arithmetic]], a study of the [[Hindu–Arabic numeral system]],<ref>Seife, 77.</ref> a [[hydraulics|hydraulic]]-powered [[organ (music)|organ]],<ref>Darlington, 473.</ref> the reintroduction of the [[abacus]] to Europe,<ref>Tester, 131–132.</ref> and a possible treatise on the [[astrolabe]] that was edited by [[Hermann of Reichenau]] five decades later. The contemporary monk Richer from [[Rheims]] described Gerbert's contributions in reintroducing the [[armillary sphere]] that was lost to European science after the [[Greco-Roman]] era; from Richer's description, Gerbert's placement of the [[tropics]] was nearly exact and his placement of the [[equator]] was exact.<ref>Darlington, 467–468.</ref><ref>Tester, 130–131, 156.</ref> He reintroduced the [[liberal arts]] education system of [[trivium (education)|trivium]] and [[quadrivium]], which he had borrowed from the educational institution of Islamic [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]].<ref>Salhab, 51.</ref> Gerbert also studied and taught [[Islamic medicine]].<ref>Darlington, 475.</ref><ref>Holmes, 646.</ref>
*1013 – One of the ''[[Four Great Books of Song]]'', the ''[[Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau]]'' compiled by 1013 was the largest of the Song Chinese [[encyclopedia]]s. Divided into 1000 volumes, it consisted of 9.4 million written [[Chinese characters]].
*1020 – Ibn Samh of [[Al-Andalus]] builds a [[gear]]ed mechanical [[astrolabe]].
*1021 – [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (Alhacen) of [[Basra]], [[Iraq]] writes his influential ''[[Book of Optics]]'' from 1011 to 1021 (while he was under [[house arrest]] in [[Egypt]]),
*1024 – The world's first [[Banknote|paper-printed money]] can be traced back to the year 1024, in [[Sichuan]] province of [[Song dynasty]] China. The Chinese government would step in and overtake this trend, issuing the central government's official banknote in the 1120s.
*1025 – [[Avicenna]] of Persia publishes his influential treatise, ''[[The Canon of Medicine]]'', which remains the most influential [[Islamic medicine|medical text]] in both Islamic and Christian lands for over six centuries, and ''[[The Book of Healing]]'', a scientific [[encyclopedia]].
*1027 – The Chinese engineer Yan Su recreates the mechanical [[compass]]-vehicle of the [[south-pointing chariot]], first invented by [[Ma Jun (mechanical engineer)|Ma Jun]] in the 3rd century.<ref name="needham volume 4 part 2 291">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 291.</ref>
*1028–1087 – [[Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī]] (Arzachel) builds the [[equatorium]] and universal latitude-independent [[astrolabe]].
*1031 – [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]] writes ''Kitab al-qanun al-Mas'udi''
*1031–1095 – Chinese scientist [[Shen Kuo]] creates a theory for land formation, or [[geomorphology]], theorized that [[Climate variability and change|climate change]] occurred over time, discovers the concept of [[true north]], improves the design of the astronomical sighting tube to view the [[pole star]] indefinitely, hypothesizes the [[retrogradation]] theory of [[planetary motion]], and by observing [[lunar eclipse]] and [[solar eclipse]] he hypothesized that the sun and moon were [[spherical]].<ref>Needham, Volume 3, 603 – 604, 614, 618.</ref><ref name="sivin III 23">Sivin, III, 23.</ref><ref>Chan, Clancey, & Loy, 15.</ref><ref name="sivin III 17">Sivin, III, 16–19.</ref><ref name="needham volume 3 415 416">Needham, Volume 3, 415 – 416.</ref> Shen Kuo also experimented with [[camera obscura]] just decades after Ibn al-Haitham, although Shen was the first to treat it with [[Quantitative property|quantitative]] attributes.<ref>Needham, Volume 4, Part 1, 98.</ref><ref name="sivin III 34">Sivin, III, 34.</ref> He also took an [[Interdisciplinarity|interdisciplinary]] approach to studies in [[archaeology]].<ref>Fraser & Haber, 227.</ref>
*1041–1048 – Artisan [[Bi Sheng]] of [[Song dynasty]] China invents [[movable type]] printing using individual ceramic characters.<ref>Needham, Volume 5, Part 1, 201.</ref>
* Mid-11th century – [[Harbaville Triptych]], is made. It is now kept at [[Musée du Louvre]], [[Paris]].
* Mid-11th century – [[Xu Daoning]] paints ''Fishing in a Mountain Stream''. [[Northern Song dynasty]].
*1068 – First known use of the [[drydock]] in China.<ref name="needham volume 4 part 3 660">Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 660.</ref>
*1070 – With a team of scholars, the Chinese official [[Su Song]] also published the ''Ben Cao Tu Jing'' in 1070, a treatise on [[pharmacology]], [[botany]], [[zoology]], [[metallurgy]], and [[mineralogy]].<ref name="wu 2005 5">Wu (2005), 5.</ref><ref name="unschuld 60">Unschuld, 60.</ref> Some of the drug concoctions in Su's book included [[ephedrine]], [[Mica|mica minerals]], and [[linaceae]].<ref name="needham volume 4 part 2 446">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 446.</ref><ref name="needham volume 6 part 1 174 175">Needham, Volume 6, Part 1, 174, 175.</ref><ref name="needham volume 3 648">Needham, Volume 3, 648.</ref>
*1075 – the Song Chinese innovate a partial decarbonization method of repeated forging of cast iron under a cold blast that Hartwell and Needham consider to be a predecessor to the 18th century [[Bessemer process]].<ref>Hartwell, 54.</ref>
*1077 – [[Constantine the African]] introduces [[ancient Greek medicine]] to the [[Schola Medica Salernitana]] in [[Salerno]], Italy.
*c. 1080 – the ''[[Liber pantegni]]'', a compendium of [[Ancient Greek medicine|Hellenistic]] and [[Islamic medicine]], is written in Italy by the Carthaginian Christian [[Constantine the African]], paraphrasing translated passages from the ''Kitab al-malaki'' of [[Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi]] as well as other Arabic texts.<ref>Prioreschi, 193–195.</ref>
*1088 – As written by [[Shen Kuo]] in his ''[[Dream Pool Essays]]'', the earlier 10th-century invention of the [[pound lock]] in China allows large ships to travel along canals without laborious hauling, thus allowing smooth travel of government ships holding cargo of up to 700 ''tan'' (49{{frac|1|2}} [[ton]]s) and large privately owned-ships holding cargo of up to 1600 ''tan'' (113 tons).<ref name="needham volume 4 part 3 352">Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 352.</ref>
*1094 – The Chinese mechanical engineer and astronomer [[Su Song]] incorporates an [[escapement]] mechanism and the world's first known [[chain drive]] to operate the [[armillary sphere]], the [[astronomical clock]], and the [[striking clock]] jacks of his [[clock tower]] in [[Kaifeng]].<ref name="needham volume 4 part 2 111 165 445 448">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 111, 165, 145–148.</ref>

===Literature===

[[Image:Ostromirovo.jpg|thumb|upright|The ''[[Ostromir Gospels]]'' of [[Novgorod]], 1057]]
*1000 – ''[[The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries]]'' is written by [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]].
* c. 1000 – The ''[[Al-Tasrif]]'' is written by the Andalusian physician and scientist [[Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi]] (Abulcasis).
* c. 1000 – The ''Zij al-Kabir al-Hakimi'' is written by the Egyptian astronomer [[Ibn Yunus]].
*1002–1003 – ''Book of Lamentations'' is written by [[Gregory of Narek]], one of the [[Doctor of the Church|Doctors of the Church]].
*1000–1037 – ''[[Hayy ibn Yaqdhan]]'' is written by [[Ibn Tufail]].
*1008 – The ''[[Leningrad Codex]]'', one of the oldest full manuscripts of the [[Hebrew Bible]], is completed.
*c. 1010 – The oldest known copy of the epic poem ''[[Beowulf]]'' was written around this year.
*1013 – The ''[[Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau]]'', a Chinese encyclopedia, is completed by a team of scholars including Wang Qinruo.
*1020 – The ''[[Bamberg Apocalypse]]'' commissioned by [[Otto III]] is completed.
*1021 – Lady [[Murasaki Shikibu]] writes her [[Japanese literature|Japanese]] novel, ''[[The Tale of Genji]]''.
*1021 – The ''[[Book of Optics]]'' by [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (Alhazen or Alhacen) is completed.
*1037 – The ''[[Jiyun]]'', a Chinese [[rime dictionary]], is published by Ding Du and expanded by later scholars.
*1037 – Birth of the Chinese poet [[Su Shi]], one of the renowned poets of the Song dynasty, who also penned works of [[travel literature]].
*1044 – The ''[[Wujing Zongyao]]'' military manuscript is completed by Chinese scholars Zeng Gongliang, Ding Du, and Yang Weide.
*1048–1100 – The ''[[Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam]]'' is written by [[Omar Khayyam]] sometime after 1048.
*1049 – ''[[The Record of Tea]]'' is written by Chinese official [[Cai Xiang]]
*1052 – The ''[[Uji Dainagon Monogatari]]'', a collection of stories allegedly penned by [[Minamoto-no-Takakuni]], is written sometime between now and 1077.
*1053 – The ''[[New History of the Five Dynasties]]'' by Chinese official [[Ouyang Xiu]] is completed.
*1054 – Russian [[legal code]] of the [[Russkaya Pravda]] is created during the reign of [[Yaroslav I the Wise]].
*1057 – The ''[[Ostromir Gospels]]'' of Novgorod are written.
*1060 – compilation of the ''[[New Book of Tang]]'', edited by Chinese official [[Ouyang Xiu]], is complete.
*1060 – the [[Mugni Gospels]] of Armenia are written in illuminated manuscript form.
*1068 – The ''[[Book of Roads and Kingdoms (al-Bakrī)|Book of Roads and Kingdoms]]'' is written by [[Abū 'Ubayd 'Abd Allāh al-Bakrī]].
*1070 – [[William I of England]] commissioned the Norman monk [[William of Jumièges]] to extend the ''[[Gesta Normannorum Ducum]]'' chronicle.
*1078 – The ''[[Proslogion]]'' is written by [[Anselm of Canterbury]].
*1080 – The Chinese poet [[Su Shi]] is exiled from court for [[Su Shi#Poetry|writing poems criticizing]] the various reforms of the [[History of the Song dynasty#Partisans and factions, reformers and conservatives|New Policies Group]].
*c. 1080 – the ''[[Liber pantegni]]'' is written by [[Constantine the African]].
*1084 – The ''[[Zizhi Tongjian]]'' history is completed by Chinese official [[Sima Guang]].
*1086 – The ''[[Domesday Book]]'' is initiated by [[William I of England]].
*1088 – The ''[[Dream Pool Essays]]'' is completed by [[Shen Kuo]] of Song China.
*The roots of European [[Scholasticism]] are found in this period, as the renewed spark of interest in literature and [[Classicism]] in Europe would bring about the [[Renaissance]]. In the 11th century, there were early Scholastic figures such as [[Anselm of Canterbury]], [[Peter Abelard]], [[Solomon ibn Gabirol]], [[Peter Lombard]], and [[Gilbert de la Porrée]].