Editing Zakat (section)

==Related terms==
Zakat is required of Muslims only. For non-Muslims living in an Islamic state, [[sharia]] was historically seen as mandating ''[[jizya]]'' (poll tax).<ref>Böwering, Gerhard, ed. (2013), ''The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought'', Princeton University Press. p. 545</ref> Other forms of taxation on Muslims or non-Muslims, that have been used in Islamic history, include ''[[kharaj]]'' (land tax),<ref>Lewis, Bernard (2002), ''The Arabs in History'', Oxford: Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-280310-7}}, pp. 70–74</ref> ''[[khums]]'' (tax on booty and loot seized from non-Muslims, sudden wealth),<ref>Iqbal, Zafar and Lewis, Mervyn (2009) ''An Islamic Perspective on Governance'', {{ISBN|978-1847201386}}, pp. 99–115</ref> ''ushur'' (tax at state border, sea port, and each city border on goods movement, customs),<ref>Nienhaus, Volker (2006), ''Zakat, taxes and public finance in Islam, in Islam and the Everyday World: Public Policy Dilemmas''. Sohrab Behdad, Farhad Nomani (eds.), {{ISBN|978-0415368230}}, pp. 176–189</ref> ''kari'' (house tax)<ref>{{cite journal|author=Lambton, K.S. |title=An Account of the Tārīkhi Qumm|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|volume =12|issue =3–4|date= October 1948|pages=586–596|doi=10.1017/s0041977x00083154| s2cid=154257790 }}</ref> and ''chari'' (sometimes called ''maara'', pasture tax).<ref>{{cite journal|author=Hamid, S.|year=1995|title=Bookkeeping and accounting control systems in a tenth-century Muslim administrative office|journal=Accounting, Business & Financial History|volume =5|issue =3|pages= 321–333|doi=10.1080/09585209500000049}}</ref><ref>Kulke, H. and Rothermund, D. (1998), ''A History of India'', 3rd ed., Routledge, {{ISBN|0-415-15482-0}}, pp. 158–163</ref>

There are differences in the interpretation and scope of zakat and other related taxes in various sects of Islam. For example, ''[[khums]]'' is interpreted differently by [[Sunni]]s and [[Shi'ites]], with Shia expected to pay one fifth of their excess income after expenses as ''khums'', while Sunnis do not.<ref>{{cite book|author=Momen, Moojan|title=An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism | publisher=Yale University Press|year=1987|isbn=978-0-300-03531-5|page=179|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B0OL5Z8S-V0C&pg=PA179}}</ref> At least a tenth part of zakat and ''khums'' every year, among Shi'ites, after its collection by Imam and his religious deputies under its doctrine of ''niyaba'', goes as income for its hierarchical system of Shia clergy.<ref name=naserg>Ghobadzadeh, Naser (2014), ''Religious Secularity: A Theological Challenge to the Islamic State'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199391172}}, pp. 193–195</ref><ref>Martin, Richard (2003) ''Encyclopedia of Islam & the Muslim World'', Macmillan Reference, {{ISBN|978-0028656038}}, pp. 274, 350–351</ref> Among [[Isma'ilism|Ismaili]] sub-sect of Shias, the mandatory taxes which includes zakat, is called ''dasond'', and 20% of the collected amount is set aside as income for the Imams.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rose, Ebaugh and Cherry|title=Global Religious Movements Across Borders: Sacred Service|date=2014|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=978-1409456872|pages=149–150}}</ref> Some branches of Shia Islam treat the right to lead as Imam and right to receive 20% of collected zakat and other alms as a hereditary right of its clergy.{{Cn|date=July 2021}}

''Sadaqah'' is another related term for charity, usually construed as a discretionary counterpart to zakat.<ref name=MIC-145>{{cite book|editor1-last=Meri|editor1-first=Josef W.|title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia|publisher=Psychology Press.|page=145|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC&pg=PA145|isbn=978-0415966900|year=2005}}</ref>

===''Zakat al-Fitr''===
{{further|Zakat al-Fitr}}
''Zakat al-Fitr'' or ''Sadaqat al-Fitr''<ref name=Hidaya>{{cite web|title=Sadaqat-ul-Fitr|url=http://www.hidaya.org/social-welfare/sadaqat-ul-fitr/|website=Hidaya Foundation|access-date=8 April 2015}}</ref> is another, smaller charitable obligation, mandatory for all Muslims—male or female, minor or adult as long as he/she has the means to do so—that is traditionally paid at the end of the [[fasting]] in the [[Islamic calendar|Islamic holy month]] of [[Ramadan]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Kasule, O. H. |year=1986|title= Muslims in Trinidad and Tobago|journal= Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs|volume= 7|issue=1|pages=195–213|doi=10.1080/13602008608715974}}</ref><ref name=mb2008/> The collected amount is used to pay the zakat collectors and to the poor Muslims so that they may be provided with a means to celebrate [[Eid ul-Fitr|'Eid al-Fitr]] (the [[festival]] of breaking the fast) following Ramadan, along with the rest of the Muslims.<ref>Al-Hamar, M., Dawson, R., & Guan, L. (2010), ''A culture of trust threatens security and privacy in Qatar'', IEEE 10th International Conference, {{ISBN|978-1-4244-7547-6}}, pp. 991–995</ref>

Zakat al-Fitr is a fixed amount assessed per person, while Zakat al mal is based on personal income and property.<ref name=mb2008>{{cite journal|author= Buehler, M.|year=2008|title= The rise of shari'a by-laws in Indonesian districts: An indication for changing patterns of power accumulation and political corruption|journal= South East Asia Research|volume= 16|issue=2|pages= 255–285|doi=10.5367/000000008785260473|s2cid=54834534|url=http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/18939/1/BuehlerSharia2008.pdf}}</ref> According to one source, the Hidaya Foundation, the suggested Zakat al Fitr donation is based on the price of 1 Saa (approx. 3&nbsp;kg) of rice or wheat at local costs, (as of 2015, approximately $7.00 in the U.S.).<ref name=Hidaya/>