Editing Weapon of mass destruction (section)

==Media coverage==
In March 2004, the Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland (CISSM) released a report<ref>{{Cite web|last=Moeller|first=Susan D.|date=March 9, 2004|title=Media coverage of weapons of mass destruction |url=http://www.cissm.umd.edu/documents/WMDstudy_full.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041022050812/http://www.cissm.umd.edu/documents/WMDstudy_full.pdf|archive-date=22 October 2004|url-status=dead |website=Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland |access-date=May 19, 2021}}</ref> examining the media's coverage of WMD issues during three separate periods: [[Nuclear testing|nuclear weapons tests]] by India and Pakistan in May 1998; the U.S. announcement of evidence of a [[North Korea and weapons of mass destruction|North Korean nuclear weapons program]] in October 2002; and revelations about [[Iran's nuclear program]] in May 2003. The CISSM report argues that poor coverage resulted less from political [[Media bias|bias among the media]] than from tired journalistic conventions. The report's major findings were that:

{{Blockquote|text=1. Most media outlets represented WMD as a monolithic menace, failing to adequately distinguish between weapons programs and actual weapons or to address the real differences among chemical, biological, nuclear, and radiological weapons.

2. Most journalists accepted the Bush administration's formulation of the "War on Terror" as a campaign against WMD, in contrast to coverage during the Clinton era, when many journalists made careful distinctions between acts of terrorism and the acquisition and use of WMD.

3. Many stories stenographically reported the incumbent administration's perspective on WMD, giving too little critical examination of the way officials framed the events, issues, threats, and policy options.

4. Too few stories proffered alternative perspectives to official line, a problem exacerbated by the journalistic prioritizing of breaking-news stories and the "inverted pyramid" style of storytelling.|author=Susan D. Moeller|title=Media Coverage of Weapons of Mass Destruction}}

In a separate study published in 2005,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0956-7976 |title=Psychological Science – Journal Information |publisher=Blackwellpublishing.com |access-date=5 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100814183500/http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0956-7976 |archive-date=14 August 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> a group of researchers assessed the effects reports and retractions in the media had on people's [[memory]] regarding the [[Iraq and weapons of mass destruction|search for WMD in Iraq]] during the 2003 Iraq War. The study focused on populations in two [[Coalition of the willing|coalition]] countries (Australia and the United States) and one opposed to the war (Germany). Results showed that U.S. citizens generally did not correct initial misconceptions regarding WMD, even following disconfirmation; Australian and German citizens were more responsive to retractions. Dependence on the initial source of information led to a substantial minority of Americans exhibiting [[false memories|false memory]] that WMD were indeed discovered, while they were not. This led to three conclusions:
# The repetition of tentative news stories, even if they are subsequently disconfirmed, can assist in the creation of false memories in a substantial proportion of people.
# Once information is published, its subsequent correction does not alter people's beliefs unless they are suspicious about the motives underlying the events the news stories are about.
# When people ignore corrections, they do so irrespective of how certain they are that the corrections occurred.

A poll conducted between June and September 2003 asked people whether they thought evidence of WMD had been discovered in Iraq since the war ended. They were also asked which media sources they relied upon. Those who obtained their news primarily from Fox News were three times as likely to believe that evidence of WMD had been discovered in Iraq than those who relied on PBS and NPR for their news, and one third more likely than those who primarily watched CBS.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kull |first1=Steven |last2=Ramsay |first2=Clay |last3=Lewis |first3=Evan |title=Misperceptions, the Media, and the Iraq War |journal=Political Science Quarterly |date=December 2003 |volume=118 |issue=4 |pages=569–598 |doi=10.1002/j.1538-165X.2003.tb00406.x }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Media source
! Respondents believing evidence of WMD had been found in Iraq
|-
|[[Fox News|Fox]]
|33%
|-
|[[CBS]]
|23%
|-
|[[NBC]]
|20%
|-
|[[CNN]]
|20%
|-
|[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]
|19%
|-
|Print media
|17%
|-
|[[PBS]]–[[National Public Radio|NPR]]
|11%
|}
Based on a series of polls taken from June–September 2003.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pipa.org/OnlineReports/Iraq/IraqMedia_Oct03/IraqMedia_Oct03_rpt.pdf |title=''Misperceptions, the Media and the Iraq War'' |access-date=2009-10-22 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210232719/http://www.pipa.org/OnlineReports/Iraq/IraqMedia_Oct03/IraqMedia_Oct03_rpt.pdf |archive-date=10 February 2006}}, PIPA, 2 October 2003</ref>

In 2006, Fox News reported the claims of two Republican lawmakers that WMDs had been found in Iraq,<ref>
{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/report-hundreds-of-wmds-found-in-iraq|title=Report: Hundreds of WMDs Found in Iraq|publisher=Fox News|date=22 June 2006|access-date=30 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424081106/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0%2C2933%2C200499%2C00.html|archive-date=24 April 2008|url-status=live}}
</ref> based upon unclassified portions of a report by the [[National Ground Intelligence Center]]. Quoting from the report, Senator [[Rick Santorum]] said "Since 2003, coalition forces have recovered approximately 500 weapons munitions which contain degraded mustard or sarin nerve agent". According to David Kay, who appeared before the U.S. House Armed Services Committee to discuss these badly corroded munitions, they were leftovers, many years old, improperly stored or destroyed by the Iraqis.<ref>Kay, David. "House Armed Services Committee Hearing", 29 June 2006</ref> Charles Duelfer agreed, stating on NPR's ''Talk of the Nation'': "When I was running the ISG – the Iraq Survey Group – we had a couple of them that had been turned in to these IEDs, the improvised explosive devices. But they are local hazards. They are not a major, you know, weapon of mass destruction."<ref>Duelfer, Charles. [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5504298 Expert: Iraq WMD Find Did Not Point to Ongoing Program] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216074501/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5504298 |date=16 December 2018 }} NPR. 22 June 2006</ref>

Later, wikileaks would show that WMDs of these kinds continued to be found as the Iraqi occupation continued.<ref>{{cite web |first=Noah |last=Shachtman |url=https://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2010/10/wikileaks-show-wmd-hunt-continued-in-iraq-with-surprising-results/ |title=WikiLeaks Show WMD Hunt Continued in Iraq – With Surprising Results |website=Wired.com |date=23 October 2010 |access-date=12 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324160659/http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2010/10/wikileaks-show-wmd-hunt-continued-in-iraq-with-surprising-results |archive-date=24 March 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Many news agencies, including Fox News, reported the conclusions of the [[CIA]] that, based upon the investigation of the [[Iraq Survey Group]], WMDs are yet to be found in Iraq.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna7634313|title=CIA's Final Report: No WMD Found in Iraq|publisher=[[NBC News]]|date=25 April 2005|access-date=1 July 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,154574,00.html|title=Iraq WMD Inspectors End Search, Find Nothing|publisher=Fox News|date=26 April 2005|access-date=24 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070805083349/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,154574,00.html|archive-date=5 August 2007|url-status=live}}</ref>