Editing Virginia (section)

===Race and ethnicity===
The state's most populous racial group, [[non-Hispanic whites]], has declined as a proportion of the population from 76% in 1990 to 58.6% in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/demographics-are-destiny-virginia-flna8c11525607 |website= U.S. Census Bureau |title= Demographics are destiny in Virginia |first= Domenico |last= Montanaro |date= November 4, 2013 |access-date= September 1, 2021}}</ref><ref name=race2020>{{cite web |url= https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |title= Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census |publisher= U.S. Census Bureau |date= August 17, 2021 |access-date= September 1, 2021 |ref= CITEREFethnicity}}</ref> Immigrants from Britain and Ireland settled throughout the Commonwealth during the colonial period,{{sfn|Miller|Schrier|Boling|Doyle|2003|pp=6, 147}} when roughly three-fourths of immigrants came as [[indentured servant]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last= Masur |first= Louis P. |title= The Sum of Our Dreams: A Concise History of America |year= 2020 |publisher= Oxford University Press |location= New York |pages= 4–5 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fobxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 |isbn= 978-0-19-069257-5}}</ref> The Appalachian mountains and [[Shenandoah Valley]] have many settlements that were populated by [[Shenandoah Germans|German]] and [[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scotch-Irish immigrants]] in the 18th and 19th centuries, often following the [[Great Wagon Road]].<ref name=dutch/><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.princewilliamtimes.com/news/virginia-is-for-irish-lovers/article_3f1da178-4734-11e9-8302-ebb4c2629721.html |title= Virginia is for Irish lovers? |first= Rosemarie |last= O'Connor |agency= Capital News Service |date= March 17, 2019 |website= Prince William Times |access-date= September 28, 2023}}</ref> Over ten percent of Virginians have German ancestry {{as of|2020|lc=on}}.<ref name=ancestry>{{cite web |url= https://data.census.gov/table?t=Ancestry&g=0400000US51,51$0500000&d=ACS+5-Year+Estimates+Data+Profiles&tid=ACSDP5Y2020.DP02&moe=false&tp=true |title= Selected Social Characteristics |website= American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates |publisher= [[U.S. Census Bureau]] |year= 2020 |access-date= December 23, 2022 |ref=CITEREFancestry}}</ref>

[[File:L-15-12-22-A-040 (23285802904).jpg|thumb|left|New citizens attend a naturalization ceremony in [[Northern Virginia]], where 25% of residents are foreign-born, almost twice the overall state average.<ref name=nova_immigrants/>|alt=Dozens of adults sit in auditorium rows, many waving small American flags]]
The largest minority group in Virginia are Blacks and African Americans, about one-fifth of the population.<ref name=race2020/> Virginia was a major destination of the [[Atlantic slave trade]]. The [[Igbo American|Igbo]] ethnic group of what is now southern [[Nigeria]] were the largest African group among slaves in Virginia.<ref>{{harvnb|Pinn|2009|p=175}}; {{harvnb|Chambers|2005|pp=10–14}}</ref> Blacks in Virginia also have more European ancestry than those in other southern states, and DNA analysis shows many have asymmetrical male and female ancestry from before the Civil War, evidence of European fathers and African or Native American mothers.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://psmag.com/news/how-slavery-changed-the-dna-of-african-americans |title= How Slavery Changed the DNA of African Americans |magazine= Pacific Standard |first= Michael |last= White |date= December 20, 2017 |access-date= March 25, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title= The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States |first1= Katarzyna |last1= Bryc |first2= Eric Y. |last2= Durand |first3= J. Michael |last3= Macpherson |first4= David |last4= Reich |first5= Joanna L. |last5= Mountain |journal= American Journal of Human Genetics |doi= 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.010 |pmid= 25529636 |date= January 8, 2015 |volume = 96|issue = 1|pages = 37–53|pmc = 4289685|doi-access= free}}</ref> Though the Black population was reduced by the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] to northern industrial cities in the first half of the 20th century, since 1965 there has been a reverse migration of Blacks [[New Great Migration|returning south]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/reports/2004/05demographics_frey/20040524_Frey.pdf |first=William H. |last=Frey |title=The New Great Migration: Black Americans' Return to the South, 1965–2000 |journal=The Living Cities Census Series |date=May 2004 |pages=1–3 |access-date=September 10, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103165633/http://www3.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/reports/2004/05demographics_frey/20040524_Frey.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2007}}</ref> The Commonwealth has the highest number of Black-white [[Interracial marriage in the United States|interracial marriages in the US]],<ref name=blackwhite>{{cite news|url=https://www.pilotonline.com/news/article_107293b2-cb53-5d2f-8b38-aca42251c6e3.html|title=Virginia ranks highest in U.S. for black-white marriages|newspaper=The Virginian-Pilot|date=March 17, 2012|first=Denise M.|last=Watson|access-date=April 20, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421082321/http://hamptonroads.com/2012/03/virginia-ranks-highest-us-blackwhite-marriages|archive-date=April 21, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> and 8.2% of Virginians describe themselves as [[Multiracial people|multiracial]].<ref name=QuickFacts/>

More recent immigration since the late 20th century has resulted in new communities of Hispanics and Asians. {{As of|2020}}, 10.5% of Virginia's total population describe themselves as [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]], and 8.8% as [[Asian people|Asian]].<ref name=QuickFacts/> The state's Hispanic population rose by 92% from 2000 to 2010, with two-thirds of Hispanics in the state living in [[Northern Virginia]].<ref name=demographics>{{cite news|url=http://hamptonroads.com/2011/02/virginians-census-8-million-total-1m-fairfax-county |title=Virginians in the census: 8 million total, 1M in Fairfax County |work=[[The Virginian-Pilot]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=February 3, 2011 |access-date=February 4, 2011 |first=John |last=Raby |ref=CITEREFdemographics |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204203509/http://hamptonroads.com/2011/02/virginians-census-8-million-total-1m-fairfax-county |archive-date=February 4, 2011}}</ref> Northern Virginia also has a significant population of [[Vietnamese American]]s, whose major wave of immigration followed the [[Vietnam War]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Vietnamese American Place Making in Northern Virginia|first=Joseph|last=Wood|journal=Geographical Review|volume=87|issue=1|date=January 1997|pages=58–72|doi=10.2307/215658|jstor=215658}}</ref> [[Korean American]]s have migrated there more recently,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wtop.com/?nid=722&sid=1374240|title=Centreville: The New Koreatown?|work=Fairfax County Times|first=Layla|last=Wilder|date=March 28, 2008|access-date=November 30, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611210442/http://www.wtop.com/?nid=722&sid=1374240|archive-date=June 11, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> while about 45,000 [[Filipino American]]s have settled in the Hampton Roads area.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://hamptonroads.com/2008/06/locals-celebrate-philippine-independence-day|title=Locals celebrate Philippine Independence Day|work=[[The Virginian-Pilot]]|date=June 12, 2008|first=Nora|last=Firestone|access-date=September 30, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617220659/http://hamptonroads.com/2008/06/locals-celebrate-philippine-independence-day|archive-date=June 17, 2008|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:345th Tax Tribute Ceremony, Richmond - 11-23-22 - 028.jpg|thumb|Governor [[Glenn Youngkin]] receiving a ceremonial tribute from representatives of the [[Mattaponi]] and [[Pamunkey]] tribes, a Thanksgiving tradition since 1677.<ref name=taxtribute/>|alt=An older white man in a dark blue blazer smiles as he is presented with a dead deer hanging upside down held by two men in contemporary Native American attire.]]
[[Native American tribes in Virginia|Tribal membership in Virginia]] is complicated by the legacy of the state's "[[Racial Integrity Act of 1924|pencil genocide]]" of intentionally categorizing Native Americans and Blacks together, and many tribal members do have African or European ancestry, or both.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://time.com/5141434/virginia-indian-recognition-pocahontas-exception/ |title= From the 'Pocahontas Exception' to a 'Historical Wrong': The Hidden Cost of Formal Recognition for American Indian Tribes |magazine= Time Magazine |first=  Arica L. |last= Coleman |date= February 9, 2018 |access-date= April 29, 2021}}</ref> In 2020, the U.S. Census Bureau found that only 0.5% of Virginians were exclusively [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] or [[Alaska Native]], though 2.1% were in some combination with other ethnicities.<ref name=race2020/> The state government has [[State-recognized tribes in the United States|extended recognition]] to eleven tribes. Seven tribes also have federal recognition.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://chesapeakebaymagazine.com/seven-virginia-tribes-celebrate-federal-recognition-on-york-river/ |title= Seven Virginia Tribes Celebrate Federal Recognition on York River |magazine= Chesapeake Bay Magazine |first= Meg |last= Walburn Viviano |date= October 8, 2018 |access-date= May 18, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.voanews.com/usa/us-recognizes-6-virginia-native-american-tribes |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191228110134/https://www.voanews.com/usa/us-recognizes-6-virginia-native-american-tribes |url-status= dead |archive-date= December 28, 2019 |title= US Recognizes 6 Virginia Native American Tribes |website= Voice of America |first= Cecily |last= Hilleary |date=January 31, 2018|access-date=April 29, 2020}}</ref> The [[Pamunkey]] and [[Mattaponi]] have reservations on tributaries of the [[York River (Virginia)|York River]] in the [[Tidewater region of Virginia|Tidewater region]].<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.whsv.com/content/news/After-centuries-in-Virginia-tribe-still-waiting-for-US-recognition-509597531.html |title= After centuries in Virginia, tribe still waiting for U.S. recognition |first1= Madison |last1= Manske |first2= Alexandra |last2= Zernik |agency= Capital News Service |date= May 7, 2019 |access-date= April 29, 2020 |website= WHSV-TV}}</ref>

{|class="toccolours" style="border-spacing: 1px; margin:1em auto 1em auto"
!style="background:lavender; padding-right:3px; padding-left:3px;"|Largest race by county or city
!style="background:lavender; padding-right:3px; padding-left:3px;"|Race and ethnicity ([[#CITEREFethnicity|2020]])
!style="background:lavender; padding-right:6px; padding-left:6px;"|Alone
!style="background:lavender; padding-right:6px; padding-left:6px;"|Total
|-
|rowspan=6 style="text-align:center; width:280px;" |[[File:Virginia Counties by race (2020 census).svg|270px|Map of racial plurality in Virginia by county as of the [[2020 United States census|2020 U.S. census]]]]
{|class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="line-height:1.3em; border:0; margin-top:0em; background:transparent; width:100%"
|+Legend
|-
|style="border:0px; vertical-align:top;"|Non-Hispanic White{{legend|#e6b8af|30–39%}}
{{legend|#dd7e6b|40–49%}}
{{legend|#cc4125|50–59%}}
{{legend|#a61c00|60–69%}}
{{legend|#85200c|70–79%}}
{{legend|#5b0f00|80–89%}}
{{legend|#410b00|90–99%}}
|style="border:0px; vertical-align:top;"|Black or African American{{legend|#ffe599|40–49%}}
{{legend|#ffd966|50–59%}}
{{legend|#f1c232|60–69%}}
{{legend|#bf9000|70–79%}}
|style="border:0px; vertical-align:top;"|Hispanic or Latino{{legend|#a2c4c9|40–49%}}
|}
|Non-Hispanic White
|align=center|58.6%
|align=center|62.8%
|-
|Black or African American
|align=center|18.3%
|align=center|20.1%
|-
|Hispanic or Latino (of any race)
|
|10.5%
|-
|Asian
|align=center|7.1%
|align=center|8.6%
|-
|American Indian and Alaska Native
|align=center|0.2%
|align=center|1.5%
|-
|Other
|align=center|0.6%
|align=center|1.5%
|-
|colspan=3 style="padding-bottom:0.75em;" |
|-
!style="background:lavender; padding-right:3px; padding-left:3px;"|Largest ancestry by county or city
!style="background:lavender; padding-right:3px; padding-left:3px;"|Ancestry ([[#CITEREFancestry|2020&nbsp;est.]])
!colspan=2 style="background:lavender; padding-right:3px; padding-left:3px;"|Total
|-
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center; width:280px;"|
[[File:Virginia Ancestries by County 2020.svg|270px|Virginia counties colored either red, blue, yellow, green, or purple based on the populations most common ancestry. The south-east is predominantly purple for African American, while the west is mostly red for American. The north has yellow for German, with two small areas green for Irish. Yellow is also found in spots in the west. A strip in the middle is blue for English.]]
<br />
<span style="line-height: 1.3em">[[American Community Survey]] five-year estimate</span>
|{{legend|green|Irish or Scotch-Irish}}
|colspan=2 align=center|10.4%
|-
|{{legend|#fc0|German}}
|colspan=2 align=center|10.3%
|-
|{{legend|#2a7fff|English}}
|colspan=2 align=center|9.8%
|-
|{{legend|#a00|American}}
|colspan=2 align=center|9.4%
|-
||{{legend|#5a2ca0|Subsaharan African}}
|colspan=2 align=center|2.3%
|}