Editing Violence (section)

==== Intimate partner ====
[[File:JBM-HH roundtable addresses digital stalking, ties to intimate partner violence 150113-A-DZ999-852.jpg|thumb|right|[[Joint Base Myer-Henderson Hall]] (JBM-HH) roundtable addressing digital stalking, ties to intimate partner violence]]
{{Main|Domestic violence|Intimate partner violence}}
Population-level surveys based on reports from victims provide the most accurate estimates of the prevalence of intimate partner violence and sexual violence in non-conflict settings. A study conducted by WHO in 10 mainly developing countries<ref>Garcia-Moreno, C. et al. (2005). [https://www.who.int/gender/violence/who_multicountry_study/en/ "WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence against women"] {{webarchive|url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110224124426/http://www.who.int/gender/violence/who_multicountry_study/en/ |date=2011-02-24 }} Geneva: WHO</ref> found that, among women aged 15 to 49 years, between 15% (Japan) and 70% (Ethiopia and Peru) of women reported physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner. A growing body of research on men and intimate partner violence focuses on men as both perpetrators and victims of violence, as well as on how to involve men and boys in anti-violence work.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gottzén |first1=L.|author-link=Lucas Gottzén|last2=Bjørnholt|first2=M.|last3=Boonzaier|first3=F.|editor-last=Gottzén |editor-first=L.|editor-last2=Bjørnholt|editor-first2=M.|editor-last3=Boonzaier|editor-first3=F.|date=2020 |title=Men, Masculinities and Intimate Partner Violence |chapter= What has masculinity to do with intimate partner violence? |publisher=[[Routledge]]|pages=1–15|isbn= 9781000217995|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bRb8DwAAQBAJ}}</ref>

Intimate partner and sexual violence have serious short- and long-term physical, mental, sexual and reproductive health problems for victims and for their children, and lead to high social and economic costs. These include both fatal and non-fatal injuries, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder, [[unintended pregnancy|unintended pregnancies]], sexually transmitted infections, including HIV.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Stith SM | year = 2004 | title = Intimate partner physical abuse perpetration and victimization risk factors: a meta-analytic review | url =https://krex.k-state.edu/dspace/bitstream/2097/14851/1/STITHAVB2004.pdf | journal = Aggression and Violent Behavior | volume = 10 | issue = 1| pages = 65–98 | doi=10.1016/j.avb.2003.09.001|display-authors=etal| hdl = 2097/14851 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>

Factors associated with the perpetration and experiencing of intimate partner violence are low levels of education, history of violence as a perpetrator, a victim or a witness of parental violence, harmful use of alcohol, attitudes that are accepting of violence as well as marital discord and dissatisfaction. Factors associated only with perpetration of intimate partner violence are having multiple partners, and [[antisocial personality disorder]].

A recent theory named "The Criminal Spin" suggests a mutual flywheel effect between partners that is manifested by an escalation in the violence.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Bensimon M. |author2=Ronel N. | year = 2012 | title = The flywheel effect of intimate partner violence: A victim-perpetrator interactive spin | journal = Aggression and Violent Behavior | volume = 17 | issue = 5| pages = 423–29 | doi=10.1016/j.avb.2012.05.004}}</ref> A violent spin may occur in any other forms of violence, but in Intimate partner violence the added value is the mutual spin, based on the unique situation and characteristics of intimate relationship.

The primary prevention strategy with the best evidence for effectiveness for intimate partner violence is school-based programming for adolescents to prevent violence within dating relationships.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Foshee V.A. | year = 2004 | title = Assessing the long-term effects of the Safe Dates program and a booster in preventing and reducing adolescent dating violence victimization and perpetration | journal = American Journal of Public Health | volume = 94 | issue = 4| pages = 619–24 | doi=10.2105/ajph.94.4.619|display-authors=etal| pmc = 1448308 | pmid=15054015}}</ref> Evidence is emerging for the effectiveness of several other primary prevention strategies—those that: combine microfinance with gender equality training;<ref>{{cite journal | author = Kim J | year = 2009 | title = Assessing the incremental effects of combining economic and health interventions: the IMAGE study in South Africa | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 87 | issue = 11| pages = 824–32 | doi=10.2471/blt.08.056580|display-authors=etal| pmc = 2770274 | pmid=20072767}}</ref> promote communication and relationship skills within communities; reduce access to, and the harmful use of alcohol; and change cultural gender norms.<ref name="who">WHO(2010).[https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/publications/violence/9789241564007_eng.pdf "Preventing intimate partner and sexual violence against women: Taking action and generating evidence"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112035242/http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/publications/violence/9789241564007_eng.pdf |date=2011-11-12 }} World Health Organization: Geneva</ref>