Editing Veto (section)

=== Europe ===
[[File:Europe ISO 3166-1.svg|thumb|Europe]]
European countries in which the executive or head of state does not have a veto power include [[Slovenia]] and [[Luxembourg]], where the power to withhold royal assent was [[Royal assent#Luxembourg|abolished]] in 2008.<ref>{{Cite journal
  | title =  Luxembourg: Parliament abolishes royal confirmation of laws
  | author-first = Luc 
  | author-last = Frieden
  | journal = International Journal of Constitutional Law
  | volume = 7
  | issue = 3
  | date = July 2009
  | pages = 539–543
  | doi = 10.1093/icon/mop021
| doi-access = free
  }}</ref> Countries that have some form of veto power include the following:
*{{flag|Estonia}}: The [[president of Estonia|president]] may effectively veto a law adopted by the [[Riigikogu]] (legislature) by sending it back for reconsideration. The president must exercise this power within 14 days of receiving the law.<ref name="estonia-107"/> The Riigikogu, in turn, may override this veto by passing the unamended law again by a simple majority.{{sfn|Köker|2015|p=158}}<ref name="estonia-107">{{Cite constitution | polity = Estonia | article = 107 | date = 2015}}</ref> After such an override (but only then), the president may ask the [[Supreme Court of Estonia|Supreme Court]] to declare the law unconstitutional.{{sfn|Köker|2015|p=157}}<ref name="estonia-107"/> If the Supreme Court rules that the law does not violate the [[Constitution of Estonia|Constitution]], the president must promulgate the law.<ref name="estonia-107"/> From 1992 to 2010, the president exercised the veto on 1.6% of bills (59 in all), and applied for constitutional review of 11 bills (0.4% in all).{{sfn|Köker|2015|pp=86, 88}}{{further|Politics of Estonia}}
*{{flag|Finland}}: The [[president of Finland|president]] has a suspensive veto, but can only delay the enactment of legislation by three months.<ref>{{Cite journal
  | author-last = Paloheimo
  | author-first = Heikki
  | year = 2003
  | title = The Rising Power of the Prime Minister in Finland
  | journal = Scandinavian Political Studies
  | volume = 26
  | issue = 3
  | pages = 219–243
  |doi = 10.1111/1467-9477.00086 
}}</ref> The president has had a veto power of some kind since [[Finnish independence]] in 1919,<ref>{{Cite book
  | author1-last = Raunio
  | author1-first = Taupio
  | author2-last = Sedelius
  | author2-first = Thomas
  | year = 2020
  | title = Semi-Presidential Policy-Making in Europe
  | page = 57
  | doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-16431-7
  | isbn = 978-3030164331
| s2cid = 198743002
 }}</ref> but this power was greatly curtailed by the constitutional reforms of 2000.{{further|Politics of Finland}}
*{{flag|France}}: The [[president of France|president]] has a suspensive veto: the president can require the [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]] to reopen debate on a bill that it has passed, within 15 days of being presented with the bill.<ref>{{Cite constitution|polity=France|date=2008|article=10}}</ref> Aside from that, the president can only refer bills to the [[Constitutional Council (France)|Constitutional Council]], a power shared with the prime minister and the presidents of both houses of the National Assembly.<ref>{{Cite constitution|polity=France|date=2008|article=61}}</ref> Upon receiving such a referral, the Constitutional Council can strike down a bill before it has been promulgated as law, which has been interpreted as a form of constitutional veto.<ref>{{Cite journal
  | author-last = Brouard
  | author-first = Sylvain
  | year = 2009
  | title = The Politics of Constitutional Veto in France: Constitutional Council, Legislative Majority and Electoral Competition
  | journal = West European Politics
  | volume = 32
  | issue = 2
  | pages = 384–403
  | doi = 10.1080/01402380802670719
 | s2cid = 154741100
 }}</ref>{{further|Politics of France}}
*{{Flag|Germany}}: The [[President of Germany|federal president of Germany]] has to sign a bill in order for it to become law.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland (in German). Article 82. |title=}}</ref> This gives him a ''[[de facto]]'' veto power over [[legislation]]. However this power has been used only nine times since the founding of the [[Germany|federal Republic]] and is largely considered to be a ceremonial power.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2006-12-08 |title=Bundespräsidenten: Das achte Nein |language=de |work=Der Spiegel |url=https://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/bundespraesidenten-das-achte-nein-a-453425.html |access-date=2023-08-02 |issn=2195-1349}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Janisch |first=Wolfgang |date=2020-10-08 |title=Das könnt ihr besser |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/hate-speech-gesetz-das-koennt-ihr-besser-1.5059141 |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=Süddeutsche.de |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-04-01 |title=Hasskriminalität: Gesetz gegen Onlinehetze tritt Ostern in Kraft |language=de |work=Der Spiegel |url=https://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/netzpolitik/hasskriminalitaet-gesetz-gegen-online-hetze-tritt-ostern-in-kraft-a-30ed56dc-5a72-4bef-bd77-84eb66994da7 |access-date=2023-08-02 |issn=2195-1349}}</ref>{{Further|Politics of Germany}}
*{{flag|Hungary}}: The [[president of Hungary|president]] has two options to veto a bill: submit it to the [[Constitutional Court of Hungary|Constitutional Court]] if he or she suspects that it violates the constitution or send it back to the [[National Assembly (Hungary)|National Assembly]] and ask for a second debate and vote on the bill. If the court rules that the bill is constitutional, the president must sign it.<ref>{{Cite constitution | polity = Hungary | date = 2016 | article = 6}}</ref> Likewise, if the president has returned the bill to the National Assembly and it is passed a second time by a simple majority, it becomes law.{{sfn|Tsebelis|Rizova|2007|p=1164}}{{further|Politics of Hungary}}
*{{flag|Iceland}}: The [[president of Iceland|president]] may refuse to sign a bill, which is then put to [[referendum]]. This right was not exercised until 2004, by President [[Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson]], who also refused to sign two other bills related to the [[Icesave dispute]].<ref name="grimsson">{{Cite web
  | url =  https://www.icelandreview.com/news/olafur-ragnar-grimsson-will-not-run-again-president-iceland/
  | access-date = 2022-06-18
  | title = Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson Will not Run Again for President of Iceland
  | date = 2012-01-01
  | quote = He was the first president to use the presidential veto power he has according to the constitution.
}}</ref> Two of these vetoes resulted in referendums.<ref name="grimsson"/>{{further|Politics of Iceland}}
*{{flag|Ireland}}: The [[president of Ireland|president]] may refuse to grant assent to a bill that they consider to be unconstitutional, after consulting the [[Council of State (Ireland)|Council of State]]; in this case, the bill is referred to the [[Supreme Court of Ireland|Supreme Court]], which finally determines the matter.<ref name="oecd-system"/> From 1990 to 2012, this power was used an average of once every three years.<ref>{{Cite journal
  | title = The President of Ireland in Comparative Perspective
  | author-first = Robert 
  | author-last = Elgie
  | pages = 502–521 
  | year = 2012
  | journal = Irish Political Studies
  | volume = 27 
 | issue = 4 
 | doi = 10.1080/07907184.2012.734445 
  | s2cid = 28754294 
 | url = https://doras.dcu.ie/20743/1/President_in_Comparative_Perspective_Elgie_final.pdf
  | access-date = 2022-06-18
}}</ref> The president may also, on request of a majority of [[Seanad Éireann]] (the upper house of parliament) and a third of [[Dáil Éireann]] (the lower house of parliament), after consulting the Council of State, decline to sign a bill "of such national importance that the will of the people thereon ought to be ascertained" in an [[ordinary referendum]] or a new Dáil reassembling after a general election held within eighteen months.<ref>{{Cite constitution | polity = Ireland | date = 2019 | article = 27 | section = 1}}</ref> This latter power has never been used because the government of the day almost always commands a majority of the Seanad, preventing the third of the Dáil that usually makes up the opposition from combining with it.<ref>{{Cite news
  | url =  https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/article-27-comes-with-a-catch-22-that-makes-it-unworkable-1.128575
  | access-date = 2022-06-18
  | title = Article 27 comes with a Catch-22 that makes it unworkable
  | newspaper = The Irish Times
  | author-first = Gerard
  | author-last = Hogan
  | author-link = Gerard Hogan
  | date = 1997-11-20
}}</ref>{{further|Politics of Ireland}}
*{{flag|Italy}}: The [[president of Italy|president]] may request a second deliberation of a bill passed by the [[Italian Parliament]] before it is promulgated. This is a very weak form of veto as the parliament can override the veto by an ordinary majority.<ref>{{Cite journal
  | title = The Italian Presidency: Constitutional Role and Political Practice
  | author-first = Stephen P. 
  | author-last = Koff
  | journal = Presidential Studies Quarterly
  | volume = 12
  | issue = 3
  | year = 1982
  | pages = 341
  | jstor = 27547832 
 |url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/27547832 }}</ref> While such a limited veto cannot thwart the will of a determined parliamentary majority, it may have a delaying effect and may cause the parliamentary majority to reconsider the matter.  The president also has the power to veto appointments of ministers in the [[government of Italy]], as for example president [[Sergio Mattarella]] did in vetoing the appointment of [[Paolo Savona]] as finance minister in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news
  | newspaper = TheLocal.it
  | url =  https://www.thelocal.it/20180529/italy-president-sergio-matterella-statement-english/
  | access-date = 2022-06-18
  | title =   Here's how Italy's president explains his controversial veto
  | author = The Local Italy
  | date = 2018-05-29
}}</ref>{{further|Politics of Italy}}
*{{flag|Latvia}}: The [[president of Latvia|president]] may suspend a bill for a period of two months, during which it may be referred to the people in a referendum if one-tenth of the electorate requests a referendum.<ref>{{Cite constitution | polity = Latvia | article = 72 | date = 2016}}</ref> The president may also return a document to the [[Saeima]] for reconsideration, but only once.<ref>{{Cite constitution | polity = Latvia | article = 71 | date = 2016}}</ref> Notably, in 1999, president [[Vaira Vike-Freiberga]] returned the Latvian State Language Law to the Saeima, even though the law had passed by an overwhelming majority the first time; the president used the suspensory veto to point out legal problems with the law, which resulted in amendments to bring it into line with European legal standards.{{sfn|Tsebelis|Rizova|2007|pp=1172-1173}}{{further|Politics of Latvia}}
*{{flag|Poland}}: The [[president of Poland|president]] may either submit a bill to the [[Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland|Constitutional Tribunal]] if they suspect that the bill is unconstitutional or send it back to the [[Sejm of the Republic of Poland|Sejm]] for reconsideration.<ref name="poland-122">{{Cite constitution|polity=Poland|date=1997|article=122}}</ref> These two options are exclusive: the president must choose one or the other.<ref name="poland-122"/> If president has referred a law to the Constitutional Tribunal and the tribunal says that the bill is constitutional, the president must sign it. If the president instead returns the bill to the Sejm in a standard package veto, the Sejm can override the bill by a three-fifths majority.{{sfn|Tsebelis|Rizova|2007|p=1178}}{{further|Politics of Poland}}
*{{flag|Portugal}}: The [[president of Portugal|president]] may refuse to sign a bill or refer it, or parts of it, to the [[Portuguese Constitutional Court|Constitutional Court]].<ref name="oecd-system"/> If the bill is declared unconstitutional, the president is required to veto it, but the [[Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly of the Republic]] can override this veto by a two-thirds majority.<ref>{{Cite constitution | polity = Portugal | date = 2005 | article = 278-279}}</ref> If the president vetoes a bill that has not been declared unconstitutional, the [[Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly of the Republic]] may pass it a second time, in which case it becomes law. However, in Portugal presidential vetoes typically result in some change to the legislation.<ref>{{Cite journal
  | author1-first = Jorge M. 
  | author1-last = Fernandes 
  | author2-first = Carlos 
  | author2-last = Jalali
  | year = 2016
  | title = A Resurgent Presidency? Portuguese Semi-Presidentialism and the 2016 Elections
  | journal = South European Society and Politics
  | volume = 22 
 | pages = 121–138 
 | doi = 10.1080/13608746.2016.1198094
| s2cid = 156761976 
 }}</ref> The president also has an absolute veto over [[decree-law]]s issued by the [[government of Portugal]].<ref>{{Cite journal
  | author-last =  Santos Botelho
  | author-first = Catarina
  | year = 2020
  | title = COVID-19 and stress on fundamental rights in Portugal: An intermezzo between the state of exception and constitutional normality
  |journal = Revista Catalana de Dret Públic
  | issue = Número Especial
 | page = 188
  | doi = 10.2436/rcdp.i0.2020.3553
}}</ref> In an [[Autonomous Regions of Portugal|autonomous region]] such as the [[Azores]], the [[Representative of the Republic]] has the power to veto legislation, which the regional assembly can override by an absolute majority, and also holds the same constitutional veto power that the president has nationally.<ref>{{Cite constitution | polity = Portugal | date = 2005 | article = 233}}</ref> {{further|Politics of Portugal}}
*{{flag|Spain}}: The [[Constitution of Spain|Constitution]] states that "Within two months after receiving the text, the [[Senate of Spain|Senate]] may, by a message stating the reasons for it, adopt a veto or approve amendments thereto. The veto must be adopted by overall majority".<ref>{{Cite constitution | polity = Spain | date = 1978 | article = 90 |section = 1}}</ref> A Senate veto can be overridden by an [[absolute majority]] vote of the [[Congress of Deputies]].<ref>{{Cite constitution | polity = Spain | date = 1978 | article = 90 |section = 2}}</ref> In addition, the [[Government of Spain|government]] can block a bill before passage if it entails government spending or loss of revenue.<ref>{{Cite constitution | polity = Spain | date = 1978 | article = 134 |section = 6}}</ref> This prerogative is commonly called {{lang|es|veto presupuestario}} ("budget veto").<ref>[https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6874651 Delgado Ramos, David. University of La Rioja] The Government budget veto (Spanish)</ref>{{further|Politics of Spain|Royal assent#Spain}}
* {{flag|Ukraine}}: The [[president of Ukraine|president]] may refuse to sign a bill and return it to the [[Verkhovna Rada]] with proposed amendments. The Verkhovna Rada may override a veto by a two-thirds majority. If the veto is not overridden, the President's amendments are subjected to an up-or-down vote; if they attract at least 50% support from the legislators, the bill is adopted with the amendments; if not, the bill fails.{{sfn|Tsebelis|Rizova|2007|p=1171}}{{further|Politics of Ukraine}}
* {{flag|United Kingdom}}: The [[British monarch|monarch]] has two methods of vetoing a bill. Any bill that has been passed by both the [[House of Commons (UK)|House of Commons]] and the [[House of Lords]] becomes law only when formally approved by the monarch (or their official representative), in a procedure known as royal assent. Legally, the monarch can withhold that consent, thereby vetoing the bill. This power was last exercised in 1708 by [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne]] to block the [[Scottish Militia Bill 1708]]. The monarch has additional veto powers over bills which affect the [[Royal prerogative in the United Kingdom|royal prerogative]], such as the war prerogative, or the monarch's personal affairs (such as royal incomes or hereditary property). By convention, those bills require [[king's consent]] before they may even be debated by Parliament, as well as royal assent if they are passed. King's consent is not obsolete and is occasionally withheld, though now only on the advice of the [[cabinet of the United Kingdom|cabinet]]. An example was the [[Military Action Against Iraq (Parliamentary Approval) Bill]] in 1999, which received a [[first reading]] under the [[Ten Minute Rule]], but was denied queen's consent for a [[second reading]].<ref>{{Cite journal
  | title = Parliament and the War Prerogative in the United Kingdom and Canada: Explaining Variations in Institutional Change and Legislative Control
  | author-first = Philippe 
  | author-last = Lagassé
  | journal = Parliamentary Affairs
  | volume = 70
  | issue = 2
  | date = April 2017
  | pages = 280–300
  | doi = 10.1093/pa/gsw029
| doi-access = free
  }}</ref>
** {{flag|Scotland}}, {{flag|Wales}}, and {{flag|Northern Ireland}}: Powers exist under the section 35 of the [[Scotland Act 1998]], section 114 of the [[Government of Wales Act 2006]], and section 14 of the [[Northern Ireland Act 1998]] that allow the responsible cabinet minister in Westminster to refuse a bill that has been passed by the [[Scottish Parliament]], [[Senedd]], or [[Northern Ireland Assembly]], respectively, from proceeding to royal assent, if they believe that the bill modifies and has adverse effects on legislation that is [[Devolved, reserved and excepted matters|reserved]] to the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] to solely legislate on. This power has only been used once, to veto the [[Gender Recognition Reform (Scotland) Bill]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Torrance |first=David |date=16 January 2023 |title=Section 35 of the Scotland Act and vetoing devolved legislation |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/section-35-of-the-scotland-act-and-vetoing-devolved-legislation/ |website=[[House of Commons Library]]}}</ref>{{further|Royal assent#United Kingdom|King's Consent|Politics of the United Kingdom}}