Editing Uzbeks (section)

=== Russo-Soviet era ===
[[File:Defence of the Samarkand Citadel.JPG|thumb|The Defence of the Samarkand Citadel in 1868. From the Russian Illustrated Magazine "Niva" (1872).]]

==== Russian Empire ====
{{Main|Russian Empire}}
In the 19th century, Russian interest in the area increased greatly, sparked by nominal concern over British designs on Central Asia; by anger over the situation of Russian citizens held as slaves; and by the desire to control the trade in the region and to establish a secure source of [[cotton]] for Russia. When the [[United States Civil War]] prevented cotton delivery from Russia's primary supplier, the southern United States, Central Asian cotton assumed much greater importance for Russia.<ref name=rc>Lubin, Nancy. "Russian conquest". In Curtis.</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=January 2014}}

As soon as the Russian conquest of the [[Caucasus]] was completed in the late 1850s, the Russian [[Ministry of War (Russia)|Ministry of War]] began to send military forces against the Central Asian khanates. Three major population centers of the khanates—Tashkent, Bukhara, and Samarkand—were captured in 1865, 1867, and 1868, respectively. In 1868 the Khanate of Bukhara signed a treaty with Russia making Bukhara a Russian [[protectorate]]. Khiva became a Russian protectorate in 1873, and the Khanat of Kokand finally was incorporated into the Russian Empire, also as a protectorate, in 1876.<ref name=rc/>

By 1876, Russia had incorporated all three khanates (hence all of present-day Uzbekistan) into its empire, granting the khanates limited autonomy. In the second half of the 19th century, the Russian population of Uzbekistan grew and some industrialization occurred.<ref name=cp>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Uzbekistan.pdf "Country Profile: Uzbekistan"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050226190612/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Uzbekistan.pdf |date=2005-02-26 }}. [[Library of Congress]] [[Federal Research Division]] (February 2007). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].''</ref> The [[Jadid]]ists engaged in educational reform among Muslims of Central Asia. To escape [[Basmachi movement|Russians slaughtering them in 1916]], Uzbeks escaped to China.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Sydykova |first=Zamira |date=20 January 2016 |title=Commemorating the 1916 Massacres in Kyrgyzstan? Russia Sees a Western Plot |url=http://www.cacianalyst.org/publications/analytical-articles/item/13325-commemorating-the-1916-massacres-in-kyrgyzstan?-russia-sees-a-western-plot.html |magazine=The Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst |access-date=12 October 2016 |archive-date=18 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218102849/http://www.cacianalyst.org/publications/analytical-articles/item/13325-commemorating-the-1916-massacres-in-kyrgyzstan?-russia-sees-a-western-plot.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File: Types of Nationalities in the Turkestan Krai. Uzbeks. Mulla Dzhan Turdi Ali, Uncle of the Kokand Khan's Older Son WDL11107.png|thumb|Uzbek Mulla Dzhan Turdi Ali, uncle of the Kokand Khan's older son, 19th century]]

==== Soviet Union ====
{{further|Amersfoort concentration camp|German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war|Islam in the Netherlands#The Second World War|Soviet Central Asia}}
In the 1940s, [[Nazi Germany]] invaded the Soviet Union. In response, many Central Asians, including Uzbeks or [[Samarkand]]ites, were sent to [[Battle of Smolensk (1941)|fight the Germans]] in the area of [[Smolensk]]. However, a number of them, including [[Hatam Kadirov]] and [[Zair Muratov]], were captured, transported to the Netherlands, where they were abused and killed. Their bodies were buried in [[Rusthof cemetery]] near [[Amersfoort]]. For some time, these 101 victims were not identified, apart from the fact that they were Soviets, until an investigation by journalist [[Remco Reiding]]. Their plight was also studied by Uzbek historian Bahodir Uzakov of [[Gouda, South Holland]]. Witness [[Henk Broekhuizen]] said that, despite having seeing them once as a teenager, he would recall the soldiers' faces, whenever he closed his eyes.<ref name=Soldat>[http://www.soldat.ru/search/f_glory/soldiers.html "Soviet Field of Glory"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508112359/http://www.soldat.ru/search/f_glory/soldiers.html |date=2017-05-08 }} {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref name="BBC2017CentralAsians">{{cite news |author=Rustam Qobil |publisher=BBC |title=Why were 101 Uzbeks killed in the Netherlands in 1942? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-39849088 |date=2017-05-09 |access-date=2017-05-09 |archive-date=2020-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330201803/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-39849088 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Moscow's control over Uzbekistan weakened in the 1970s as Uzbek party leader [[Sharaf Rashidov]] brought many cronies and relatives into positions of power. In the mid-1980s, Moscow attempted to regain control by again purging the entire Uzbek party leadership. However, this move increased {{ill|Uzbek nationalism|ru|Узбекский национализм}}, which had long resented Soviet policies such as the imposition of cotton monoculture and the suppression of [[Islam]]ic traditions. In the late 1980s, the liberalized atmosphere of the Soviet Union under Mikhail S. Gorbachev (in power 1985–91) fostered political opposition groups and open (albeit limited) opposition to Soviet policy in Uzbekistan. In 1989, a series of violent ethnic clashes, involving Uzbeks, brought the appointment of ethnic Uzbek outsider [[Islam Karimov]] as Communist Party chief.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}