Editing Umar (section)

=== Reforms ===
{{Main|Reforms of Umar's era|Covenant of Umar I}}

Under Umar's leadership, the empire expanded; accordingly, he began to build a political structure that would hold together the vast territory. He undertook many administrative reforms and closely oversaw public policy, establishing an advanced administration for the newly conquered lands, including several new ministries and bureaucracies, and ordered a census of all the Muslim territories. During his rule, the garrison cities (''[[amsar]]'') of Basra and Kufa were founded or expanded. In 638, he extended and renovated the [[Masjid al-Haram]] (Grand Mosque) in Mecca and [[al-Masjid al-Nabawi]] (Mosque of the Prophet) in Medina.{{Citation needed |date=September 2023}}

Umar also ordered the expulsion to Syria and Iraq of the Christian and Jewish communities of [[Najran]] and [[Khaybar]]. He also permitted Jewish families to resettle in Jerusalem, which had previously been barred from all Jews.<ref name="Simha Assaf 1946, pp. 20-21">Simha Assaf, ''Meqorot u-Meḥqarim be-Toldot Yisrael'', Jerusalem 1946, pp. 20–21 (Hebrew and Judeo-Arabic)</ref> He issued orders that these Christians and Jews should be treated well and allotted them the equivalent amount of land in their new settlements. Umar also forbade non-Muslims from residing in the [[Hejaz]] for longer than three days.<ref>[[Giorgio Levi Della Vida]] and [[Michael Bonner]], ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''.</ref>{{Page needed|date=September 2023}}{{sfnp|Madelung|1997|p=74}} He was first to establish the army as a state department.

Umar was founder of [[Fiqh]], or Islamic [[jurisprudence]].<ref>''The origins of Islamic jurisprudence'', Harald Motzki, Marion</ref> He is regarded by [[Sunni Muslim]]s as one of the greatest [[Faqih]], and, as such, he started the process of codifying [[Sharia|Islamic Law]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2014}}

In 641, he established [[Bayt al-mal]], a financial institution and started annual allowances for the Muslims. As a leader, Umar was known for his simple, austere lifestyle. Rather than adopt the pomp and display affected by the rulers of the time, he continued to live much as he had when Muslims were poor and persecuted.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} In 638, his fourth year as caliph and the seventeenth year since the [[Hijra year|Hijra]], he decreed that the [[Islamic calendar]] should be counted from the year of the Hijra of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina.