Editing Toussaint Louverture (section)

=== Arrest, imprisonment, and death: 1802–1803 ===
[[File:Toussaint au Fort de Joux.jpg|thumb|262x262px|Illustration of Louverture imprisoned at the [[Fort de Joux|Fort-de-Joux]] in France, where he died in 1803]]
Jean-Jacques Dessalines was at least partially responsible for Louverture's arrest, as asserted by several authors, including Louverture's son, Isaac. On 22 May 1802, after Dessalines learned that Louverture had failed to instruct a local rebel leader to lay down his arms per the recent ceasefire agreement, he immediately wrote to Leclerc to denounce Louverture's conduct as "extraordinary". For this action, Dessalines and his spouse received gifts from [[Jean Baptiste Brunet]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Girard|first1=Philippe R.|title=Jean-Jacques Dessalines and the Atlantic System: A Reappraisal|journal=The William and Mary Quarterly|date=July 2012|volume=69|issue=3|page=559|url=http://www.niu.edu/history/programs/awdg/jean_jacques_dessalines_and_the_atlantic_system_a_reappraisal.pdf|access-date=10 December 2014|ref=Girard2012 |publisher=Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture|quote=a list of "extraordinary expenses incurred by General Brunet in regards to [the arrest of] Toussaint" started with "gifts in wine and liquor, gifts to Dessalines and his spouse, money to his officers: 4000 francs."|doi=10.5309/willmaryquar.69.3.0549|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819125421/http://www.niu.edu/history/programs/awdg/jean_jacques_dessalines_and_the_atlantic_system_a_reappraisal.pdf|archive-date=19 August 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Leclerc originally asked Dessalines to arrest Louverture, but he declined. Jean Baptiste Brunet was ordered to do so, but accounts differ as to how he accomplished this. One version said that Brunet pretended that he planned to settle in [[Saint-Domingue]] and was asking Louverture's advice about plantation management. Louverture's memoirs, however, suggest that Brunet's troops had been provocative, leading Louverture to seek a discussion with him. Either way, Louverture had a letter, in which Brunet described himself as a "sincere friend", to take with him to France. Embarrassed about his trickery, Brunet absented himself during the arrest.<ref>{{Cite book
| last1 = Girard
| first1 = Philippe R.
| title = The Slaves who Defeated Napoléon: Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian War of Independence, 1801–1804 | publisher = University of Alabama Press
| year = 2011
}}</ref><ref>Oruno D. Lara, «Toussaint Louverture François Dominique Toussaint dit 1743–1803 », ''Encyclopædia Universalis'', 7 avril 2021</ref>

Finally on June 7, 1802, despite the promises made in exchange for his surrender, Toussaint Louverture – as well as a hundred members of his inner circle – were captured and deported to France. Brunet transported Louverture and his companions on the frigate [[French frigate Créole (1797)|''Créole'']] and the 74-gun [[French ship Héros (1801)|''Héros'']], claiming that he suspected the former leader of plotting another uprising. Upon boarding ''Créole'', Toussaint Louverture warned his captors that the rebels would not repeat his mistake, saying that, "In overthrowing me you have cut down in Saint Domingue only the trunk of the tree of liberty; it will spring up again from the roots, for they are numerous and they are deep."<ref>Abbott, Elizabeth (1988). ''Haiti: An Insider's History of the Rise and Fall of the Duvaliers'', Simon & Schuster. p. viii {{ISBN|0671686208}}.</ref>

[[File:Toussaint L'Ouverture meurt dans la prison du Château de Joux le 7 avril 1803 (cropped).jpg|thumb|222px|Death of General Toussaint Louverture in the prison of [[Fort de Joux]] in France, on 7 April 1803]]

The ships reached France on 2 July 1802 and, on 25 August, Louverture was imprisoned at [[Fort de Joux|Fort-de-Joux]] in [[Doubs (department)|Doubs]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} During this time, Louverture wrote a memoir.<ref name="Forsdick 2017 p. 19">[[#Forsdick|Forsdick & Høgsbjerg (2017)]], p. 19.</ref> He died in prison on 7 April 1803 at the age of 59. Suggested causes of death include [[Fatigue (medical)|exhaustion]], [[malnutrition]], [[apoplexy]], [[pneumonia]], and possibly [[tuberculosis]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://faculty.webster.edu/corbetre/haiti/history/revolution/bigelow-toussaint.htm|title=John Bigelow: The last days of Toussaint Louverture|website=faculty.webster.edu}}</ref><ref>[http://invisiblebordeaux.blogspot.com/2012/04/toussaint-louverture-helping-bordeaux.html Pike, Tim. "Toussaint Louverture: helping Bordeaux come to terms with its slave trade past" (part 1)] ~ Invisible Bordeaux website</ref>