Editing Theophylline (section)

==History==
Theophylline was first extracted from tea leaves and chemically identified around 1888 by the German biologist [[Albrecht Kossel]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kossel A | title = Über eine neue Base aus dem Pflanzenreich | trans-title = About a new base from the plant kingdom | language = de | journal = Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft | trans-journal = Reports of the German Chemical Society | volume = 21 | pages = 2164–2167 | year = 1888 | doi = 10.1002/cber.188802101422 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1425531 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kossel A | title = Über das Theophyllin, einen neuen Bestandtheil des Thees | trans-title = On theophylline, a new component of tea | language = de | journal = Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie | trans-journal = Hoppe-Seyler's Journal of Physiological Chemistry | volume = 13 | pages = 298–308 | year = 1889 }}</ref> Seven years later, a [[chemical synthesis]] starting with 1,3-dimethyluric acid was described by [[Hermann Emil Fischer|Emil Fischer]] and [[Lorenz Ach]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Fischer E, Ach L | title = Synthese des Caffeins | trans-title =Synthesis of caffeine | language = de | journal = Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft | trans-journal = Reports of the German Chemical Society | volume = 28 | issue = 3| page = 3139 | year = 1895 | doi=10.1002/cber.189502803156}}</ref> The [[Traube purine synthesis]], an alternative method to synthesize theophylline, was introduced in 1900 by another German scientist, [[Wilhelm Traube]].<ref name="Traube2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Traube W | title = Der synthetische Aufbau der Harnsäure, des Xanthins, Theobromins, Theophyllins und Caffeïns aus der Cyanessigsäure | trans-title = The synthetic structure of uric acid, xanthine, theobromine, theophylline and caffeine from cyanoacetic acid | language = de| journal = Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft | trans-journal = Reports of the German Chemical Society | volume = 33 | issue = 3 | pages = 3035–3056 | year = 1900 | doi = 10.1002/cber.19000330352 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1425990 }}</ref> Theophylline's first clinical use came in 1902 as a [[diuretic]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Minkowski O | title = Über Theocin (Theophyllin) als Diureticum | trans-title = About theocine (theophylline) as a diuretic | language = de | journal = Therapie der Gegenwart | trans-journal = Therapy of the Present | volume = 43 | pages = 490–493 | year = 1902 }}</ref> It took an additional 20 years until it was first reported as an asthma treatment.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schultze-Werninghaus G, Meier-Sydow J | title = The clinical and pharmacological history of theophylline: first report on the bronchospasmolytic action in man by S. R. Hirsch in Frankfurt (Main) 1922 | journal = Clinical Allergy | volume = 12 | issue = 2 | pages = 211–215 | date = March 1982 | pmid = 7042115 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1982.tb01641.x | s2cid = 38178598 }}</ref> The drug was prescribed in a [[syrup]] up to the 1970s as Theostat 20 and Theostat 80, and by the early 1980s in a tablet form called Quibron.