Editing Testicle (section)

===Diseases and conditions===
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
 |name          = Testicular disease
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 |specialty     = [[Urology]], [[Reproductive medicine]]
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* To improve the chances of identifying cases of [[testicular cancer]], [[neoplasms]], and other health issues early, regular [[testicular self-examination]] is recommended.
* [[Varicocele]], swollen vein(s) from the testes, usually affecting the left side, the testis usually being normal.<ref name="DK">{{Cite book|title=Medical Symptoms|date=2022|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-74-406302-8|page=211|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbVYEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA211|access-date=2022-07-13|archive-date=2023-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629161300/https://books.google.com/books?id=nbVYEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA211|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Kamaya">{{Cite book|last1=Kamaya|first1=Aya|last2=Wong-You-Cheong|first2=Jade|title=Diagnostic Ultrasound: Abdomen and Pelvis E-Book Diagnostic Ultrasound|date=2021|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-32-379403-9|page=938|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SydHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA938|access-date=2022-07-13|archive-date=2023-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629161034/https://books.google.com/books?id=SydHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA938|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Hydrocele testis]] is swelling around testes caused by accumulation of clear liquid within a membranous sac, the testis usually being normal. It is the most common cause of scrotal swelling.<ref name="Kumar">{{Cite book|last1=Kumar|first1=Vinay|last2=Abbas|first2=Abul K.|last3=Aster|first3=Jon C.|title=Robbins Basic Pathology E-Book Robbins Pathology|date=2017|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-32-339413-0|page=692|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YYZMDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA692|access-date=2022-07-13|archive-date=2023-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629161106/https://books.google.com/books?id=YYZMDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA692|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Spermatocele]] is a retention cyst of a tubule of the [[rete testis]] or the head of the [[epididymis]] distended with barely watery fluid that contains spermatozoa.<ref name="Kamaya"/>
* [[Endocrine disorders]] can also affect the size and function of the testis.
* Certain inherited conditions involving mutations in key developmental genes also impair testicular descent, resulting in abdominal or inguinal testes, which remain nonfunctional and may become cancerous.<ref name="Jameson">{{Cite book|last1=Jameson|first1=J. Larry|last2=De Groot|first2=Leslie J.|title=Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric|date=2015|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-32-332195-2|page=2363|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xmLeBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2363|access-date=2022-07-14|archive-date=2023-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629161307/https://books.google.com/books?id=xmLeBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2363|url-status=live}}</ref> Other genetic conditions can result in the loss of the [[Wolffian ducts]] and allow for the persistence of [[Müllerian ducts]]. Both excess and deficient levels of [[estrogen]]s can disrupt [[spermatogenesis]] and cause [[infertility]].<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Sierens | first1 = J. E.
| last2 = Sneddon | first2 = S. F.
| last3 = Collins | first3 = F.
| last4 = Millar | first4 = M. R.
| last5 = Saunders | first5 = P. T.
| title = Estrogens in Testis Biology
| doi = 10.1196/annals.1336.008
| journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
| volume = 1061
| pages = 65–76
| year = 2005
| issue = 1
| pmid = 16467258
| bibcode = 2005NYASA1061...65S
| s2cid = 24905596
}}</ref>
* [[Bell-clapper deformity]] is a deformity in which the testicle is not attached to the scrotal walls, and can rotate freely on the spermatic cord within the tunica vaginalis. Those with Bell-clapper are at a higher risk of testicular torsion.<ref name="Soto">{{Cite book|last1=Soto|first1=Jorge A|last2=Lucey|first2=Brian|title=Emergency Radiology: The Requisites E-Book|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-32-339008-8|page=202|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6MiUCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA202|access-date=2022-07-14|archive-date=2023-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629161307/https://books.google.com/books?id=6MiUCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA202|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Melmed">{{Cite book|last1=Melmed|first1=Shlomo|last2=Koenig|first2=Ronald|last3=Rosen|first3=Clifford|last4=Auchus|first4=Richard|last5=Goldfine|first5=Allison|title=Williams Textbook of Endocrinology E-Book|date=2019|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-32-371154-8|page=669|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-u9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA669|access-date=2022-07-14|archive-date=2023-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629161307/https://books.google.com/books?id=j-u9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA669|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Orchitis]] is inflammation of the testicles
* [[Epididymitis]] is a painful inflammation of the epididymis or epididymides, frequently caused by bacterial infection but sometimes of unknown origin.
* [[Anorchia]] is the absence of one or both testicles.
* [[Cryptorchidism]], or "undescended testicles", is when the testicle does not descend into the scrotum of an infant boy.<ref name="Winkler"/>
*Testicular enlargement is an [[sensitivity and specificity|unspecific]] sign of various testicular diseases, and can be defined as a testicular size of more than 5&nbsp;cm ([[Anatomical terms of location#Axes|long axis]]) × 3&nbsp;cm (short axis).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=safNmcP3lakC&pg=PA559 Page 559] in: {{cite book|title=Introduction to Vascular Ultrasonography|author=John Pellerito, Joseph F Polak|edition=6|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|year=2012|isbn=9781455737666}}</ref>
*[[Blue balls]] is a condition concerning temporary fluid congestion in the testicles and [[prostate]] region, caused by prolonged [[sexual arousal]].

[[Testicular prostheses]] are available to mimic the appearance and feel of one or both testicles, when absent as from injury or as treatment in association to [[gender dysphoria]]. There have also been some instances of their implantation in dogs.

Scientists are working on developing lab-grown testicles that might help infertile men in the future.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dewan |first=Pandora |date=2024-02-19 |title=Scientists create lab-grown testicles |url=https://www.newsweek.com/scientists-creat-lab-grown-testicles-1871324 |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref>