Editing Tess of the d'Urbervilles (section)

==Adaptations==
===Theatre===
[[File:Mrs. Fiske, "Tess of the D'Ubervilles" - Sarony, New York. LCCN91796068.jpg|thumb|Mrs. Fiske in Lorimer Stoddard's stage adaptation of ''Tess of the d'Urbervilles'' (1897)]]
The novel was adapted for the stage in 1897. The production by Lorimer Stoddard proved a Broadway triumph for actress [[Mrs. Fiske|Minnie Maddern Fiske]] when it opened on 2 March 1897.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tess of the D'Urbervilles  |url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/tess-of-the-durbervilles-5580 |website=Internet Broadway Database}}</ref> A [[copyright performance]] was given at [[St James's Theatre]] in London on the same date.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Clarence |first=Reginald |title="The Stage" Cyclopaedia - a Bibliography of Plays |publisher=Burt Franklin |year=1909 |isbn=0-8337-0581-4 |location=New York |pages=438}}</ref> It was revived in America in 1902 and then made into a motion picture by [[Adolph Zukor]] in 1913, starring Mrs. Fiske; no copies remain.

In the UK, an adaptation, ''Tess'', by H. Mountford, opened at the [[Grand Theatre, Blackpool|Grand Theatre]] in [[Blackpool]] on 5 January 1900.<ref name=":0"/>   

''Tess'', a different stage adaptation by H. A. Kennedy, premièred at the [[Coronet Theatre, London|Coronet Theatre]] in London's [[Notting Hill]] Gate on 19 February 1900.<ref name=":0"/> Mrs Lewis Waller ([[Florence West]]) played the title role, with William Kettridge as Angel Clare and Whitworth Jones as Alec Tantridge.<ref>Theatre Programme: Coronet Theatre, w/c 19 Feb 1900</ref> The play transferred to the [[Harold Pinter Theatre|Comedy Theatre]] for 17 performances from 14 April 1900 with a slightly different cast, including [[Fred Terry]] as Alec and [[Oswald Yorke]] as Angel.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wearing |first=J.P. |title=The London Stage 1900-1909: a Calendar of Plays and Players, vol 1: 1900-1907 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=1981 |isbn=0-8108-1403-X |location=Metuchen |pages=18}}</ref> Hardy wrote to the Times stating that he had played no part in the dramatisation, did not authorise its production and did not know how the play unfolded, other than by what he had read in the papers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 February 1900 |title=Books and Bookmen |work=The Manchester Guardian |pages=6}}</ref>

In 1924, Hardy wrote a British theatrical adaptation and chose [[Gertrude Bugler]], a [[Dorchester, Dorset|Dorchester]] girl from the original Hardy Players to play Tess.<ref name="woodhall">N. Woodhall (2006), ''Norrie's Tale: An Autobiography of the Last of the 'Hardy Players''', Wareham: Lullworde Publication</ref> The Hardy Players (re-formed in 2005) was an amateur group from Dorchester that re-enacted Hardy's novels. Bugler was acclaimed,<ref name="tomalin">C. Tomalin (2006), ''Thomas Hardy'', London: Viking</ref> but prevented from taking the London stage part by the jealousy of Hardy's wife [[Florence Dugdale|Florence]];{{Citation needed|date=June 2013}} Hardy had said that young Gertrude was the true incarnation of the Tess he had imagined. Years before writing the novel, Hardy had been inspired by the beauty of her mother Augusta Way, then an 18-year-old milkmaid, when he visited Augusta's father's farm in [[Higher Bockhampton|Bockhampton]]. When Hardy saw Bugler (he rehearsed The Hardy Players at the hotel run by her parents), he immediately recognised her as a young image of the now older Augusta.<ref name="woodhall"/>

The novel was successfully adapted for the stage several more times:
*1946: An adaptation by playwright [[Ronald Gow]] became a triumph on the West End starring [[Wendy Hiller]].
*1999: ''Tess of the d'Urbervilles'', a new West End musical with music by Stephen Edwards and lyrics by Justin Fleming opens in London at the Savoy Theatre.
*2007: ''Tess, The New Musical'' (a rock opera) with lyrics, music and libretto by Annie Pasqua and Jenna Pasqua premières in New York City.
*2009: ''Tess of the d'Urbervilles'', a new stage adaptation with five actors was produced in London by Myriad Theatre & Film.
*2010: ''Tess'', a new rock opera, is an official Next Link Selection at the New York Musical Theatre Festival with music, lyrics, and libretto by Annie Pasqua and Jenna Pasqua.
*2011: ''Tess of the d'Urbervilles'', adapted from the original 1924 script by Devina Symes for [[Norrie Woodhall]], the last surviving member of Hardy’s theatrical group, the Hardy Players. Three extra scenes were included at Woodhall's request, including the final one,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hardyonline.org/2017-past-productionsevents/ |title=Dorchester Corn Exchange welcomes Hardy adaptation |last=Meech |first=Ruth |date=3 June 2011 |website=Dorset Echo}}</ref> staged as Woodhall described it from her own appearance in Hardy's original adaptation: "Tess, accompanied by Angel Clare, is arrested by a phalanx of constables for the murder of her other suitor Alec d'Urberville at sunrise, after a night spent within the bluestone towers of a lonely [[Stonehenge|henge]] on the bleak and wind swept expanse of Salisbury Plain."
*2012: ''Tess of the d'Urbervilles'' was produced into a piece of musical theatre by [[Youth Music Theatre UK]] as part of their summer season, and further developed, edited and performed in 2017 at the Theatre Royal, Winchester, and [[The Other Palace]], London in 2018.
*2019: ''Tess - The Musical'',<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rsc.org.uk/tickets/tess |title=Tess – a workshop performance of a new musical by night project theatre {{!}} Royal Shakespeare Company |website=www.rsc.org.uk |access-date=2019-02-13}}</ref> a new British musical by composer Michael Blore and playwright Michael Davies,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/leisure/theatre/10023878.former-journalist-wins-drama-award/ |title=Former journalist wins drama award |website=York Press |date=2 November 2012 |language=en |access-date=2019-02-13}}</ref> received a workshop production at [[The Other Place (theatre)|The Other Place]], the [[Royal Shakespeare Company]]'s studio theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon, in February 2019.

===Opera===
1906: An Italian operatic version written by [[Frédéric Alfred d'Erlanger|Frederic d'Erlanger]] was first performed in Naples, but the run was cut short by an eruption of [[Mount Vesuvius]]. When the opera came to London three years later, Hardy, then 69, attended the premiere.

===Film and television===
The story has also been filmed at least eight times, including three for general release through cinemas and four television productions.
==== Cinema ====
**1913: The [[Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1913 film)|"lost" silent version]], mentioned under Theatre, starring [[Mrs. Fiske|Minnie Maddern Fiske]] as Tess and Scots-born [[David Torrence (actor)|David Torrence]] as Alec.
**1924: [[Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1924 film)|Another lost silent version]] was made with [[Blanche Sweet]] (Tess), [[Stuart Holmes]] (Alec), and [[Conrad Nagel]] (Angel).
**1944: ''[[Man Ki Jeet]]'', Indian [[Hindi]]-language film adaptation directed by [[W. Z. Ahmed]].<ref name="victorianweb">{{Cite web |last1=Ghosh |first1=Oindrila |title=Bollywood's Long Love Affair with Thomas Hardy's Novels: Adaptations and Cultural Appropriations |url=https://victorianweb.org/authors/hardy/ghosh.html |website=Victorian Web}}</ref>
**1967: ''[[Dulhan Ek Raat Ki]]'', Indian Hindi-language film starring [[Nutan]], [[Dharmendra]] and [[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://memsaabstory.com/2008/03/03/dulhan-ek-raat-ki-1967/ |title=Dulhan Ek Raat Ki (1967) |date=3 March 2008}}</ref>
**1979: [[Roman Polanski]]'s film ''[[Tess (1979 film)|Tess]]'' with [[Nastassja Kinski]] (Tess), [[Leigh Lawson]] (Alec), and [[Peter Firth]] (Angel).
**1996: ''[[Prem Granth]]'', Indian Hindi-language film adaptation directed by [[Rajiv Kapoor]] - starring [[Rishi Kapoor]] and [[Madhuri Dixit]] in the lead roles.<ref name="victorianweb"/>
**2000: ''Nishiddha Nodi'' is an Indian [[Assamese language|Assamese]]-language film by Bidyut Chakrabarty, based on the novel, produced by the [[Assam State Film (Finance and Development) Corporation Ltd.|Assam State Film (Finance and Development) Corporation]] and released on 18 February 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Feature Film |url=https://filmfinance.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/10/menu/information_and_services/Feature%20Film.pdf |website=filmfinance.assam.gov.in }}</ref>
**2011: [[Michael Winterbottom]] 21st-century Indian set film ''[[Trishna (2011 film)|Trishna]]'' with [[Freida Pinto]] and [[Riz Ahmed]].

==== Television ====
**1952: [[BBC TV]], directed by Michael Henderson, and starring [[Barbara Jefford]] (Tess), [[Michael Aldridge]] (Alec), and [[Donald Eccles]] (Angel).
**1960: [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]], ''ITV Play of the Week'', "Tess", directed by Michael Currer-Briggs, and starring [[Geraldine McEwan]] (Tess), [[Maurice Kaufmann]] (Alec), and [[Jeremy Brett]] (Angel).
**1998: [[London Weekend Television]]'s [[Tess of the D'Urbervilles (1998 TV serial)|three-hour mini-series ''Tess of the D'Urbervilles'']], directed by Ian Sharp, and starring [[Justine Waddell]] (Tess), [[Jason Flemyng]] (Alec), and [[Oliver Milburn]] (Angel), the latter Dorset-born.
**2008: A [[Tess of the D'Urbervilles (2008 TV serial)|four-hour BBC adaptation]], written by [[David Nicholls (writer)|David Nicholls]], aired in the United Kingdom in September and October 2008 in four parts,<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2008/01_january/21/tess.shtml ''Tess of the D'Urbervilles'' – Thomas Hardy's classic novel for BBC One]. – [[BBC]]. – 21 January 2008.</ref> and in the United States on the [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] series ''[[Masterpiece Classic]]'' in January 2009 in two parts.<ref>David Wiegand, "Compelling performances rescue 'Tess'": ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'', 2 January 2009.</ref> The cast included [[Gemma Arterton]] (Tess), [[Hans Matheson]] (Alec), [[Eddie Redmayne]] (Angel), [[Ruth Jones (actress)|Ruth Jones]] (Joan), [[Anna Massey]] (Mrs d'Urberville), and [[Kenneth Cranham]] (Reverend James Clare).<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2008/03_march/17/tess.shtml ''Tess Of The D'Urbervilles'' – vibrant young cast line-up for dramatic adaptation of Hardy classic for BBC One]. – [[BBC]]. – 17 March 2008.</ref>
**2020: The BBC Radio 4 series "Hardy's Women" featured a three-part adaptation of the novel from Tess's perspective.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hardy's Women |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000s853 |access-date=18 January 2022}}</ref>