Editing Tertullian (section)

=== Other beliefs ===
Tertullian denied Mary's virginity ''in partu'',{{sfn|Wirth|2016|p=167}} and he was quoted by [[Helvidius]] in his debate with Jerome.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wirth|first=Douglas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u584DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT168|title=Shivering Babe, Glorious Lord: The Nativity Stories in Christian Tradition|date=2016-05-13|publisher=WestBow Press|isbn=978-1-5127-3871-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume III: Nicene and Post-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 311–600 |website=Christian Classics Ethereal Library|url=https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc3/hcc3.iii.vii.xx.html|access-date=2022-02-18}}</ref> He held similar views as [[Antidicomarians]].<ref>Cross, FL, ed. (2005), "Brethren of the Lord". ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church''. New York: Oxford University Press.</ref>[[John Norman Davidson Kelly|J. N. D. Kelly]] argued that Tertullian believed that Mary had imperfections, thus denying her [[Sinlessness of Mary|sinlessness]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=White|first=James|title=Mary—Another Redeemer?|publisher=Bethany House|year=1998}}</ref> 

Tertullian is said to have held to a view similar to the Protestant [[priesthood of all believers]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ellingsen |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahjsCgAAQBAJ&dq=priesthood+of+all+believers+Tertullian&pg=PA59 |title=African Christian Mothers and Fathers: Why They Matter for the Church Today |date=2015-10-21 |publisher=Wipf and Stock |isbn=978-1-60608-550-9 |language=en}}</ref>{{dubious|date=March 2024}} and that the distinction of the clergy and the laity is only because of ecclesiastical institution and thus in an absence of a priest the laity can act as priests; his theory on the distinction of the laity and clergy is influenced by Montanism and his early writings do not have the same beliefs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hierarchy of the Early Church |url=https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/hierarchy-of-the-early-church |access-date=2022-05-06 |website=Catholic Answers |quote=H. The Hierarchy as an Ecclesiastical Institution.—(I) The utterance of Tertullian (De exhort. cast. vii), declaring that the difference between the priests and the laity was due to ecclesiastical institution, and that therefore any layman in the absence of a priest could offer sacrifice, baptize, and act as priest, is based on Montanistic theories and contradicts earlier teachings of Tertullian (e.g., De baptismo, xvii). (2)}}</ref>

He believed in [[Iconoclasm]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dimmick |first1=Jeremy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mBNREAAAQBAJ&dq=Tertullian+iconoclasm&pg=PA40 |title=Images, Idolatry, and Iconoclasm in Late Medieval England: Textuality and the Visual Image |last2=Simpson |first2=James |last3=Zeeman |first3=Nicolette |date=2002-02-14 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-154196-4 |language=en}}</ref>

He believed in [[historic premillennialism]]: that Christians will go through a period of tribulation, to be followed by a literal 1000-year reign of Christ.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chung |first1=Sung Wook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AlcXEAAAQBAJ&dq=Tertullian+premillennialism&pg=PA12 |title=Models of Premillennialism |last2=Mathewson |first2=David L. |date=2018-08-27 |publisher=Wipf and Stock |isbn=978-1-5326-3769-8 |language=en}}</ref>

He attacked the use of [[Ancient Greek philosophy|Greek philosophy]] in Christian theology. For him, philosophy supported religious idolatry and heresy. He believed that many people became heretical because of relying on philosophy.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Tertullianus |first1=Quintus Septimius Florens |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UL7CRhPtD5sC&dq=Tertullian+pihilosophy&pg=PA31 |title=Tertullian |last2=Dunn |first2=Geoffrey D. |date=2004 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-28230-7 |language=en}}</ref> He stated "What has Athens to do with Jerusalem?"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wilhite |first=David E. |url= |title=Tertullian the African: An Anthropological Reading of Tertullian's Context and Identities |date=2011-06-24 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-092626-2 |language=en}}</ref>

Tertullian's views of angels and demons were influenced by the Book of Enoch. He held that the Nephilim were born out of fallen angels who mingled with human women and had sexual relations. He believed that because of the actions of the [[Watcher (angel)|watcher]]s as described in the Book of Enoch, men would later judge angels.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lindsay |first=Dennis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bwVlDwAAQBAJ&dq=Tertullian+nephilim&pg=PT148 |title=Giants, Fallen Angels, and the Return of the Nephilim: Ancient Secrets to Prepare for the Coming Days |date=2018-08-21 |publisher=Destiny Image |isbn=978-0-7684-4418-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Porter |first1=Stanley E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58DauSER-yIC&dq=Tertullian+Watchers&pg=PA109 |title=Christian-Jewish Relations Through the Centuries |last2=Pearson |first2=Brook W. |date=2004-12-19 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-0-567-04170-8 |language=en}}</ref> He believed that angels are inferior to humans, and not made in the image of God. He believed that Angels are imperceptible to our senses, but they may choose to take on a human form or change shape.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Russell |first=Jeffrey Burton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxwR74_cpx4C&dq=Tertullian+Watchers&pg=PA96 |title=Satan: The Early Christian Tradition |date=1987 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-9413-0 |language=en}}</ref>

He taught [[Fideism|fideistic]] concepts such as the later philosophers [[William of Ockham]] and [[Søren Kierkegaard]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Fideism |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/fideism |access-date=2022-09-08 |language=en}}</ref>