Editing Tagalog language (section)

==Writing system==
{{see also|Filipino orthography}}
{{Contains special characters|Baybayin}}

Tagalog, like other Philippines languages today, is written using the Latin alphabet. Prior to the arrival of the Spanish in 1521 and the beginning of their colonization in 1565, Tagalog was written in an [[abugida]]—or [[alphasyllabary]]—called [[Baybayin]]. This system of writing gradually gave way to the use and propagation of the Latin alphabet as introduced by the Spanish. As the Spanish began to record and create grammars and dictionaries for the various languages of the Philippine archipelago, they adopted systems of writing closely following the orthographic customs of the Spanish language and were refined over the years. Until the first half of the 20th century, most Philippine languages were widely written in a variety of ways based on Spanish orthography.

In the late 19th century, a number of educated Filipinos began proposing for revising the spelling system used for Tagalog at the time. In 1884, Filipino doctor and student of languages [[Trinidad Pardo de Tavera]] published his study on the ancient Tagalog script ''Contribucion para el Estudio de los Antiguos Alfabetos Filipinos'' and in 1887, published his essay ''El Sanscrito en la lengua Tagalog'' which made use of a new writing system developed by him. Meanwhile, Jose Rizal, inspired by Pardo de Tavera's 1884 work, also began developing a new system of orthography (unaware at first of Pardo de Tavera's own orthography).<ref name="Is k foreign 19" /> A major noticeable change in these proposed orthographies was the use of the letter ⟨k⟩ rather than ⟨c⟩ and ⟨q⟩ to represent the phoneme {{IPA|/k/}}.

In 1889, the new bilingual Spanish-Tagalog ''La España Oriental'' newspaper, of which [[Isabelo de los Reyes]] was an editor, began publishing using the new orthography stating in a footnote that it would "use the orthography recently introduced by ... learned Orientalis". This new orthography, while having its supporters, was also not initially accepted by several writers. Soon after the first issue of ''La España'', [[Pascual H. Poblete]]'s ''Revista Católica de Filipina'' began a series of articles attacking the new orthography and its proponents. A fellow writer, Pablo Tecson was also critical. Among the attacks was the use of the letters "k" and "w" as they were deemed to be of German origin and thus its proponents were deemed as "unpatriotic". The publishers of these two papers would eventually merge as ''La Lectura Popular'' in January 1890 and would eventually make use of both spelling systems in its articles.<ref name="k is for">{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Megan C. |date=2007 |title=K is for De-Kolonization: Anti-Colonial Nationalism and Orthographic Reform |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=938–967 |doi=10.1017/S0010417507000813 |s2cid=144161531}}</ref><ref name="Is k foreign 19">{{Cite web |title= Is 'K' a Foreign Agent? Orthography and Patriotism: Accusations of Foreign-ness of the ''Revista Católica de Filipina'' |url=http://www.espanito.com/is-k-a-foreign-agent-orthography-and-patriotism-in-the-late-19.html?part=6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213092441/http://www.espanito.com/is-k-a-foreign-agent-orthography-and-patriotism-in-the-late-19.html?part=6 |archive-date=December 13, 2019 |access-date=June 2, 2018 |website=espanito.com}}</ref> Pedro Laktaw, a schoolteacher, published the first Spanish-Tagalog dictionary using the new orthography in 1890.<ref name="k is for" />

In April 1890, Jose Rizal authored an article ''Sobre la Nueva Ortografia de la Lengua Tagalog'' in the Madrid-based periodical [[La Solidaridad]]. In it, he addressed the criticisms of the new writing system by writers like Pobrete and Tecson and the simplicity, in his opinion, of the new orthography. Rizal described the orthography promoted by Pardo de Tavera as "more perfect" than what he himself had developed.<ref name="k is for" /> The new orthography was, however, not broadly adopted initially and was used inconsistently in the bilingual periodicals of Manila until the early 20th century.<ref name="k is for" /> The revolutionary society Kataás-taasan, Kagalang-galang Katipunan ng̃ mg̃á Anak ng̃ Bayan or [[Katipunan]] made use of the k-orthography and the letter k featured prominently on many of its flags and insignias.<ref name="k is for" />

In 1937, Tagalog was selected to serve as basis for the country's [[national language]]. In 1940, the ''Balarilâ ng Wikang Pambansâ'' ({{langx|en|Grammar of the National Language}}) of grammarian [[Lope K. Santos]] introduced the [[Abakada script|Abakada]] alphabet. This alphabet consists of 20 letters and became the standard alphabet of the national language.<ref name="ebolusyon">{{Cite web |title=Ebolusyon ng Alpabetong Filipino |url=http://wika.pbworks.com/Kasaysayan |access-date=June 22, 2010 |website=wika.pbworks.com |archive-date=February 21, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221013557/http://wika.pbworks.com/Kasaysayan |url-status=live }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=April 2022}} The orthography as used by Tagalog would eventually influence and spread to the systems of writing used by other Philippine languages (which had been using variants of the Spanish-based system of writing). In 1987, the Abakada was dropped and replaced by the expanded Filipino alphabet.

===Baybayin===
{{Main|Baybayin}}

Tagalog was written in an [[abugida]] ([[alphasyllabary]]) called [[Baybayin]] prior to the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines, in the 16th century. This particular [[writing system]] was composed of symbols representing three [[vowel]]s and 14 [[consonant]]s. Belonging to the [[Brahmic family]] of scripts, it shares similarities with the [[Old Kawi]] script of [[Javanese language|Java]] and is believed to be descended from the script used by the [[Bugis]] in [[Sulawesi]].

Although it enjoyed a relatively high level of literacy, Baybayin gradually fell into disuse in favor of the [[Latin script|Latin alphabet]] taught by the Spaniards during their rule.

There has been confusion of how to use Baybayin, which is actually an [[abugida]], or an [[alphasyllabary]], rather than an [[alphabet]]. Not every letter in the Latin alphabet is represented with one of those in the Baybayin alphasyllabary. Rather than letters being put together to make sounds as in Western languages, Baybayin uses symbols to represent syllables.

A "kudlít" resembling an apostrophe is used above or below a symbol to change the vowel sound after its consonant. If the kudlit is used above, the vowel is an "E" or "I" sound. If the kudlit is used below, the vowel is an "O" or "U" sound. A special kudlit was later added by Spanish missionaries in which a cross placed below the symbol to get rid of the vowel sound all together, leaving a consonant. Previously, the consonant without a following vowel was simply left out (for example, ''bundók'' being rendered as ''budo''), forcing the reader to use context when reading such words.

Example:
<div style="text-align:center; margin:1em 0;">[[File:Baybayin sample 02.jpg|Ba Be Bo B (in Baybayin)]]</div>

{|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ vowels
! scope="row" | 
| {{script|Tglg| ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | a
| {{script|Tglg|ᜀ}}
|-
! scope="row" | i<br />''e''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜁ}}
|-
! scope="row" | u <br /> ''o''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜂ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ b
! scope="row" | b
| {{script|Tglg|ᜊ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | ba
| {{script|Tglg|ᜊ}}
|-
! scope="row" | bi<br />''be''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜊᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | bu <br /> ''bo''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜊᜓ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ k
! scope="row" | k
| {{script|Tglg|ᜃ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | ka
| {{script|Tglg|ᜃ}}
|-
! scope="row" | ki<br />''ke''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜃᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | ku <br /> ''ko''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜃᜓᜓ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ d/r
! scope="row" | d/r
| {{script|Tglg|ᜇ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | da/ra
| {{script|Tglg|ᜇ}}
|-
! scope="row" | di/ri<br />''de/re''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜇᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | du/ru <br /> ''do/ro''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜇᜓ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ g
! scope="row" | g
| {{script|Tglg|ᜄ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | ga
| {{script|Tglg|ᜄ}}
|-
! scope="row" | gi<br />''ge''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜄᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | gu <br /> ''go''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜄᜓ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ h
! scope="row" | h
| {{script|Tglg|ᜑ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | ha
| {{script|Tglg|ᜑ}}
|-
! scope="row" | hi<br />''he''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜑᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | hu <br /> ''ho''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜑᜓ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ l
! scope="row" | l
| {{script|Tglg|ᜎ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | la
| {{script|Tglg|ᜎ}}
|-
! scope="row" | li<br />''le''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜎᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | lu <br /> ''lo''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜎᜓ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ m
! scope="row" | m
| {{script|Tglg|ᜋ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | ma
| {{script|Tglg|ᜋ}}
|-
! scope="row" | mi<br />''me''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜋᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | mu <br /> ''mo''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜋᜓ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ n
! scope="row" | n
| {{script|Tglg|ᜈ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | na
| {{script|Tglg|ᜈ}}
|-
! scope="row" | ni<br />''ne''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜈᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | nu <br /> ''no''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜈᜓ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ ng
! scope="row" | ng
| {{script|Tglg|ᜅ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | nga
| {{script|Tglg|ᜅ}}
|-
! scope="row" | ngi<br />''nge''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜅᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | ngu <br /> ''ngo''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜅᜓ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ p
! scope="row" | p
| {{script|Tglg|ᜉ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | pa
| {{script|Tglg|ᜉ}}
|-
! scope="row" | pi<br />''pe''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜉᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | pu <br /> ''po''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜉᜓ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ s
! scope="row" | s
| {{script|Tglg|ᜐ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | sa
| {{script|Tglg|ᜐ}}
|-
! scope="row" | si<br />''se''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜐᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | su <br /> ''so''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜐᜓ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ t
! scope="row" | t
| {{script|Tglg|ᜆ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | ta
| {{script|Tglg|ᜆ}}
|-
! scope="row" | ti<br />''te''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜆᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | tu <br /> ''to''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜆᜓ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ w
! scope="row" | w
| {{script|Tglg|ᜏ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | wa
| {{script|Tglg|ᜏ}}
|-
! scope="row" | wi<br />''we''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜏᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | wu <br /> ''wo''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜏᜓ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ y
! scope="row" | y
| {{script|Tglg|ᜌ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | ya
| {{script|Tglg|ᜌ}}
|-
! scope="row" | yi<br />''ye''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜌᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | yu <br /> ''yo''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜌᜓ}}
|}

|}

===Latin alphabet===
====Abecedario====
Until the first half of the 20th century, Tagalog was widely written in a variety of ways based on Spanish orthography consisting of 32 letters called ''''ABECEDARIO'''' ([[wikt:abecedario#English-alphabet|Spanish for "alphabet"]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gómez Rivera |first=Guillermo |author-link=Guillermo Gómez Rivera |date=April 10, 2001 |title=The Evolution of the Native Tagalog Alphabet |url=http://emanila.com/news/opinion/ggrivera_2001_04_10_opinion_tagalog.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919003751/http://emanila.com/news/opinion/ggrivera_2001_04_10_opinion_tagalog.html |archive-date=September 19, 2013 |access-date=August 3, 2010 |website=Emanila News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Signey |first=Richard C. |date=2005 |title=The Evolution and Disappearance of the "Ğ" in Tagalog Orthography since the 1593 Doctrina Christiana |url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18813686 |url-status=dead |journal=Philippine Journal of Linguistics |volume=36 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113010354/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18813686 |archive-date=January 13, 2012 |access-date=August 3, 2010}}</ref> The additional letters beyond the 26-letter [[English alphabet]] are: ch, ll, ng, ñ, n͠g / ñg, and rr.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Majuscule !! Minuscule !! Majuscule !! Minuscule
|-
| A || a || Ng || ng
|-
| B || b || Ñ || ñ
|-
| C || c || N͠g / Ñg || n͠g / ñg
|-
| Ch || ch || O || o
|-
| D || d || P || p
|-
| E || e || Q || q
|-
| F || f || R || r
|-
| G || g || Rr || rr
|-
| H || h || S || s
|-
| I || i || T || t
|-
| J || j || U || u
|-
| K || k || V || v
|-
| L || l || W || w
|-
| Ll || ll || X || x
|-
| M || m || Y || y
|-
| N || n || Z || z
|}

====Abakada====
{{Main|Abakada alphabet}}
When the national language was based on Tagalog, grammarian Lope K. Santos introduced a new alphabet consisting of 20 letters called ''Abakada'' in school grammar books called ''balarilâ''.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781566399388/page/ |title=Contemporary Asian American Communities: Intersections and Divergences |date=2002 |publisher=Temple University Press |isbn=978-1-56639-938-8 |editor-last=Võ |editor-first=Linda Trinh |pages=96, 100 |ref={{Harvid|Trinh|Bonus|2002}} |editor-last2=Bonus |editor-first2=Rick}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1971 |url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=k6oqAAAAMAAJ }} |journal=Philippine Journal of Education |title=Philippine Journal of Education |volume=50 |page=556}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=April 2022}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Martin |first=Perfecto T. |url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=Bv5HAAAAMAAJ }} |title=Diksiyunaryong Adarna: Mga Salita at Larawan para sa Bata |date=1986 |publisher=Children's Communication Center |isbn=978-971-12-1118-9}}</ref> The only letter not in the [[English alphabet]] is ng.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Majuscule !! Minuscule !! Majuscule !! Minuscule
|-
| A || a || N || n
|-
| B || b || Ng || ng
|-
| K || k || O || o
|-
| D || d || P || p
|-
| E || e || R || r
|-
| G || g || S || s
|-
| H || h || T || t
|-
| I || i || U || u
|-
| L || l || W || w
|-
| M || m || Y || y
|}

====Revised alphabet====
{{Main|Filipino alphabet}}
In 1987, the [[Department of Education (Philippines)|Department of Education, Culture and Sports]] issued a memo stating that the Philippine alphabet had changed from the Pilipino-Tagalog Abakada version to a new 28-letter alphabet<ref>{{Harvnb|Trinh|Bonus|2002|pp=[{{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=7xp4qZta2GYC |page=96 }} 96], [{{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=7xp4qZta2GYC |page=100 }} 100]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Perdon |first=Renato |url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=4X1Musto3h0C }} |title=Pocket Tagalog Dictionary: Tagalog-English/English-Tagalog |date=2005 |publisher=Periplus Editions |isbn=978-0-7946-0345-8 |pages=[{{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=4X1Musto3h0C|page=PR6 }} vi–vii]}}</ref> to make room for loans, especially family names from Spanish and English.<ref>{{Cite book |url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=tM3PrFFSiVgC }} |title=Undoing and Redoing Corpus Planning |date=1997 |publisher=Mouton de Gruyter |isbn=3-11-015509-5 |editor-last=Clyne |editor-first=Michael |page=[{{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=tM3PrFFSiVgC|page=317 }} 317]}}</ref> The additional letters beyond the 26-letter [[English alphabet]] are: ñ, ng.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Majuscule !! Minuscule !! Majuscule !! Minuscule
|-
| A || a || Ñ || ñ
|-
| B || b || Ng || ng
|-
| C || c || O || o
|-
| D || d || P || p
|-
| E || e || Q || q
|-
| F || f || R || r
|-
| G || g || S || s
|-
| H || h || T || t
|-
| I || i || U || u
|-
| J || j || V || v
|-
| K || k || W || w
|-
| L || l || X || x
|-
| M || m || Y || y
|-
| N || n || Z || z
|}

====''ng'' and ''mga''====
{{See also|ng (digraph)}}
The [[Genitive case|genitive]] marker ''ng'' and the plural marker ''mga'' (e.g. ''Iyan ang '''mga''' damít ko.'' (Those are my clothe'''s''')) are abbreviations that are pronounced ''nang'' {{IPA|[naŋ]}} and ''mangá'' {{IPA|[mɐˈŋa]}}. ''Ng'', in most cases, roughly translates to "of" (ex. ''Siyá ay kapatíd '''ng''' nanay ko.'' She is the sibling ''of'' my mother) while ''nang'' usually means "when" or can describe how something is done or to what extent (equivalent to the suffix ''-ly'' in English adverbs), among other uses. 
* '''''Nang''' si Hudas ay nadulás.''—When [[Judas Iscariot|Judas]] slipped.
* ''Gumising siya '''nang''' <u>maaga</u>.''—He woke up <u>early</u>.
* ''Gumalíng '''nang''' <u>{{sic|hide=y|todo}}</u> si Juan dahil nag-ensayo siyá.''—Juan <u>greatly</u> improved because he practiced.

In the first example, ''nang'' is used in lieu of the word ''noong'' (when; ''<u>Noong</u> si Hudas ay madulás''). In the second, ''nang'' describes that the person woke up (''gumising'') early (''maaga''); ''gumising nang maaga''. In the third, ''nang'' described up to what extent that Juan improved (''gumalíng''), which is "greatly" (''nang {{sic|hide=y|todo}}''). In the latter two examples, the ligature ''na'' and its variants ''-ng'' and ''-g'' may also be used (''Gumising <u>na</u> maaga/Maaga<u>ng</u> gumising''; ''Gumalíng <u>na</u> {{sic|hide=y|todo}}/Todo<u>ng</u> gumalíng'').

The longer ''nang'' may also have other uses, such as a [[Typographic ligature|ligature]] that joins a repeated word:
*''Naghintáy sila '''nang''' naghintáy.''—They kept on waiting" (a closer calque: "They were waiting and waiting.")

===''pô/hô'' and ''opò/ohò''===
The words {{lang|tl|pô/hô}} originated from the word "{{lang|tl|Panginoon}}." and "{{lang|tl|Poon}}." ("Lord."). When combined with the basic affirmative {{lang|tl|Oo}} "yes" (from [[Proto-Malayo-Polynesian]] *heqe), the resulting forms are {{lang|tl|opò}} and {{lang|tl|ohò}}.

"{{lang|tl|Pô}}" and "{{lang|tl|opò}}" are specifically used to denote a high level of respect when addressing older persons of close affinity like parents, relatives, teachers and family friends. "{{lang|tl|Hô}}" and "{{lang|tl|ohò}}" are generally used to politely address older neighbours, strangers, public officials, bosses and nannies, and may suggest a distance in societal relationship and respect determined by the addressee's social rank and not their age. However, "{{lang|tl|pô}}" and "{{lang|tl|opò}}" can be used in any case in order to express an elevation of respect.
*Example: "{{lang|tl|Pakitapon namán '''pô/hô''' yung basura.}}" ("Please throw away the trash.")

Used in the affirmative:
*Ex: "{{lang|tl|Gutóm ka na ba?" "'''Opò/Ohò'''}}". ("Are you hungry yet?" "Yes.")

{{lang|tl|Pô/Hô}} may also be used in negation.
*Ex: "{{lang|tl|Hindi ko '''pô/hô''' alám 'yan.}}" ("I don't know that.")