Editing Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven) (section)

===Re-orchestrations and alterations===
{{Main|Gustav Mahler's orchestration of Beethoven's Symphony No. 9}}
A number of conductors have made alterations in the instrumentation of the symphony. Notably, [[Richard Wagner]] doubled many woodwind passages, a modification greatly extended by [[Gustav Mahler]],<ref name=Holden>Raymond Holden, "The iconic symphony: performing Beethoven's Ninth Wagner's Way" ''[[The Musical Times]]'', Winter 2011</ref> who revised the orchestration of the Ninth to make it sound like what he believed Beethoven would have wanted if given a modern orchestra.<ref>[[Natalie Bauer-Lechner|Bauer-Lechner, Natalie]]: ''Erinnerungen an Gustav Mahler'', p. 131. E.P. Tal & Co. Verlag, 1923</ref> Wagner's Dresden performance of 1864 was the first to place the chorus and the solo singers behind the orchestra as has since become standard; previous conductors placed them between the orchestra and the audience.<ref name=Holden />

====2nd bassoon doubling basses in the finale====
Beethoven's indication that the 2nd bassoon should double the basses in bars 115–164 of the finale was not included in the [[Breitkopf & Härtel]] parts, though it was included in the full score.<ref>[[Jonathan Del Mar|Del Mar, Jonathan]] (1981) ''Orchestral Variations: Confusion and Error in the Orchestral Repertoire'' London: Eulenburg Books, p. 43</ref>
[[File:Ino Savini (Porto 25-05-1955) dirige L. v. Beethoven Sinfonia N.9.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|{{ill|Ino Savini|it}} conducting the Ninth Symphony at the [[Rivoli Theatre (Portugal)|Rivoli Theatre]] in Porto, Portugal (1955)|alt=]]