Editing Supercomputer (section)

===The TOP500 list===
{{Main|TOP500}}
{{Further|List of fastest computers|History of supercomputing}}
[[File:Top20supercomputers.png|upright=1.5|thumb|Top 20 supercomputers in the world (June 2014)]]
Since 1993, the fastest supercomputers have been ranked on the TOP500 list according to their [[LINPACK benchmarks|LINPACK benchmark]] results. The list does not claim to be unbiased or definitive, but it is a widely cited current definition of the "fastest" supercomputer available at any given time.

This is a list of the computers which appeared at the top of the [[TOP500|TOP500 list]] since June 1993,<ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |url=https://top500.org/lists/top500/ |title=Top500 lists |publisher=Top500.org |access-date=3 August 2024}}</ref> and the "Peak speed" is given as the "Rmax" rating. In 2018, [[Lenovo]] became the world's largest provider for the TOP500 supercomputers with 117 units produced.<ref name=BUS>{{cite news |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180625005341/en/ |work=Business Wire |title=Lenovo Attains Status as Largest Global Provider of TOP500 Supercomputers  |date=25 June 2018}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Top 10 positions of the 64th TOP500 in November 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=November 2024 {{!}} TOP500 |url=https://top500.org/lists/top500/2024/11/ |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=www.top500.org}}</ref>
|-
! Rank (previous)
! width="50"| Rmax<br />Rpeak<br /><sup>(Peta[[FLOPS]])</sup>
! Name
! Model
! CPU cores
! Accelerator (e.g. GPU) cores
! Total Cores (CPUs + Accelerators)
! Interconnect
! width="40"| Manufacturer
! Site<br />country
! Year
! Operating<br />system
|-
! 1 {{new}}
| align="center" | 1,742.00	<br />2,746.38 
| [[El Capitan (supercomputer)|El Capitan]]
| [[Cray | HPE Cray EX255a]]
| 1,051,392<br/> (43,808 × 24-core [[Epyc#Fourth_generation_Epyc_(Genoa, Bergamo and Siena)|Optimized 4th Generation EPYC 24C]] @1.8&nbsp;GHz)
| 9,988,224<br/> (43,808 × 228 AMD [[AMD Instinct|Instinct MI300A]])
| align="center"|11,039,616
| Slingshot-11
| align="center" | [[Hewlett Packard Enterprise|HPE]]
| [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]]<br />{{USA}}
| 2024
| [[Linux]] ([[TOSS (operating system)|TOSS]])
|-
! 2 {{decrease}}
| align="center" | 1,353.00	<br />2,055.72 
| [[Frontier (supercomputer)|Frontier]]
| [[HPE Cray EX235a]]
| 614,656<br/> (9,604 × 64-core [[Optimized 3rd Generation EPYC 64C]] @2.0&nbsp;GHz)
| 8,451,520<br/> (38,416 × 220 AMD [[AMD Instinct|Instinct MI250X]])
| align="center"|9,066,176
| Slingshot-11
| align="center" | [[Hewlett Packard Enterprise|HPE]]
| [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]]<br />{{USA}}
| 2022
| [[Linux]] ([[Cray Linux Environment|HPE Cray OS]])
|-
! 3 {{decrease}}
| align="center" | 1,012.00<br />1,980.01
| [[Aurora (supercomputer)|Aurora]]
| [[Cray | HPE Cray EX]]
| 1,104,896<br/> (21,248 × 52-core Intel [[Sapphire_Rapids#Sapphire_Rapids-HBM_(High_Banwidth_Memory/Xeon_Max_Series)|Xeon Max 9470]] @2.4&nbsp;GHz)
| 8,159,232 <br/> (63,744 × 128 Intel [[Intel_Xe#Ponte_Vecchio|Max 1550]])
| align="center"|9,264,128
| Slingshot-11
| align="center" | [[Hewlett Packard Enterprise|HPE]]
| [[Argonne National Laboratory]]<br />{{USA}}
| 2023
| [[Linux]] ([[SUSE Linux Enterprise|SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 SP4]])
|-
! 4 {{decrease}}
| align="center" | 561.20<br />846.84
| [[Eagle (supercomputer)|Eagle]]
| [[Microsoft NDv5]]
| 172,800<br/> (3,600 × 48-core Intel [[Sapphire_Rapids#Sapphire_Rapids-SP_(Scalable_Performance)|Xeon Platinum 8480C]] @2.0&nbsp;GHz)
| 1,900,800 <br/> (14,400 × 132 Nvidia [[Hopper (microarchitecture)|Hopper]] H100)
| align="center"|2,073,600
| NVIDIA Infiniband NDR
| align="center" | [[Microsoft]]
| [[Microsoft]]<br />{{USA}}
| 2023
| [[Linux]] ([[Ubuntu 22.04 LTS]])
|-
! 5 {{new}}
| align="center" | 477.90<br />606.97
| [[HPC6 (supercomputer)|HPC6]]
| [[Cray | HPE Cray EX235a]]
| 213,120<br/> (3,330 × 64-core [[Optimized 3rd Generation EPYC 64C]] @2.0&nbsp;GHz)
| 2,930,400 <br /> (13,320 × 220 AMD [[AMD Instinct|Instinct MI250X]])
| align="center"| 3,143,520
| Slingshot-11
| align="center" | [[Hewlett Packard Enterprise|HPE]]
| [[Eni S.p.A.|Eni S.p.A]]<br />{{EU}}, [[Ferrera Erbognone]], {{ITA}}
| 2024
| [[Linux]] ([[Red Hat Enterprise Linux|RHEL]] 8.9)
|-
! 6 {{decrease}}
| align="center" | 442.01<br />537.21
| [[Fugaku (supercomputer)|Fugaku]]
| [[Fugaku (supercomputer)|Supercomputer Fugaku]]
| 7,630,848<br/> (158,976 × 48-core [[Fujitsu A64FX]] @2.2&nbsp;GHz)
| -
| align="center"| 7,630,848
| Tofu interconnect D
| align="center" | [[Fujitsu]]
| [[Riken|Riken Center for Computational Science]]<br />{{JPN}}
| 2020
| [[Linux]] ([[Red Hat Enterprise Linux|RHEL]])
|-
! 7 {{increase}}
| align="center" | 434.90 <br />574.84 
| [[Alps (supercomputer)|Alps]]
| [[Cray | HPE Cray EX254n]] 
| 748,800<br/> (10,400 × 72-Arm Neoverse V2 cores [[Nvidia Grace]] @3.1&nbsp;GHz)
| 1,372,800 <br/> (10,400 × 132 Nvidia [[Hopper (microarchitecture)|Hopper]] H100)
| align="center"|2,121,600
| Slingshot-11
| align="center" | [[Hewlett Packard Enterprise|HPE]]
| [[Centro Svizzero di Calcolo Scientifico|CSCS Swiss National Supercomputing Centre]]<br />{{flag|Switzerland|size=14px}}
| 2024
| [[Linux]] ([[Cray Linux Environment|HPE Cray OS]])
|-
! 8 {{decrease}}
| align="center" | 379.70<br />531.51
| [[LUMI (supercomputer)|LUMI]]
| [[Cray | HPE Cray EX235a]]
| 186,624<br/> (2,916 × 64-core [[Optimized 3rd Generation EPYC 64C]] @2.0&nbsp;GHz)
| 2,566,080 <br/> (11,664 × 220 AMD [[AMD Instinct|Instinct MI250X]])
| align="center"|2,752,704
| Slingshot-11
| align="center" | [[Hewlett Packard Enterprise|HPE]]
| [[EuroHPC JU]]<br />{{EU}}, [[Kajaani]], {{FIN}}
| 2022
| [[Linux]] ([[Cray Linux Environment|HPE Cray OS]])
|-
! 9 {{decrease}}
| align="center" | 241.20<br />306.31
| [[Leonardo (supercomputer)|Leonardo]]
| [[BullSequana]] XH2000
| 110,592<br/> (3,456 × 32-core [[Ice_Lake_(microprocessor)#Xeon_Platinum_series|Xeon Platinum 8358]] @2.6&nbsp;GHz)
| 1,714,176 <br/> (15,872 × 108 [[Nvidia Ampere]] A100)
| align="center"|1,824,768
| Quad-rail NVIDIA HDR100 [[Infiniband]]
| align="center" | [[Atos]]
| [[EuroHPC JU]]<br />{{EU}}, [[Bologna]], {{ITA}}
| 2023
| [[Linux]] ([[Red Hat Enterprise Linux|RHEL]] 8)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Turisini |first1=Matteo |last2=Cestari |first2=Mirko |last3=Amati |first3=Giorgio |date=2024-01-15 |title=LEONARDO: A Pan-European Pre-Exascale Supercomputer for HPC and AI applications |url=https://jlsrf.org/index.php/lsf/article/view/186 |journal=Journal of Large-scale Research Facilities JLSRF |volume=9 |issue=1 |doi=10.17815/jlsrf-8-186 |issn=2364-091X|doi-access=free }}</ref>
|-
! 10 {{new}}
| align="center" | 208.10<br />288.88  
| [[Tuolumne (supercomputer)|Tuolumne]]
| [[Cray | HPE Cray EX255a]]
| 110,592<br/> (4,608 × 24-core [[Epyc#Fourth_generation_Epyc_(Genoa, Bergamo and Siena)|Optimized 4th Generation EPYC 24C]] @1.8&nbsp;GHz)
| 1,050,624 <br/> (4,608 × 228 AMD [[AMD Instinct|Instinct MI300A]])
| align="center"|1,161,216
| Slingshot-11
| align="center" | [[Hewlett Packard Enterprise|HPE]]
| [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]]<br />{{USA}}
| 2024
| [[Linux]] ([[Tri-Lab Operating System Stack |TOSS]])
|}
Legend:<ref name="top500description">{{cite web |title=TOP500 DESCRIPTION |url=https://www.top500.org/project/top500_description/ |website=www.top500.org |access-date=23 June 2020 |archive-date=23 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623154459/https://www.top500.org/project/top500_description/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Rank{{snd}}Position within the TOP500 ranking. In the TOP500 list table, the computers are ordered first by their Rmax value. In the case of equal performances (Rmax value) for different computers, the order is by Rpeak. For sites that have the same computer, the order is by memory size and then alphabetically.
* Rmax{{snd}}The highest score measured using the [[LINPACK benchmarks]] suite. This is the number that is used to rank the computers. Measured in [[1000000000000000 (number)|quadrillions]] of 64-bit [[floating point]] operations per [[second]], i.e., peta[[FLOPS]].<ref name="top500faq">{{cite web |title=FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS |url=https://www.top500.org/resources/frequently-asked-questions/ |website=www.top500.org |access-date=23 June 2020 |archive-date=3 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403083231/https://www.top500.org/resources/frequently-asked-questions/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Rpeak{{snd}}This is the theoretical peak performance of the system. Computed in petaFLOPS.
* Name{{snd}}Some supercomputers are unique, at least in their location, and are thus named by their owner.
* Model{{snd}}The computing platform as it is marketed.
* Processor{{snd}}The [[instruction set]] architecture or processor [[microarchitecture]], alongside GPU and accelerators when available.
* Interconnect{{snd}}The [[Computer network|interconnect]] between computing nodes. [[InfiniBand]] is most used <!--interconnect family--> (38%) by performance share, while [[Gigabit Ethernet]] is most used (54%) by number of computers.
* Manufacturer{{snd}}The manufacturer of the platform and hardware.
* Site{{snd}}The name of the facility operating the supercomputer.
* Country{{snd}}The country in which the computer is located.
* Year{{snd}}The year of installation or last major update.
* Operating system{{snd}}The operating system that the computer uses.