Editing Stoma (section)

===Agricultural implications===

The CO<sub>2 </sub>fertiliser effect has been greatly overestimated during [[Free-air concentration enrichment|Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment]] (FACE) experiments where results show increased CO<sub>2</sub> levels in the atmosphere enhances photosynthesis, reduce transpiration, and increase [[Water-use efficiency|water use efficiency]] (WUE).<ref name="Ceccarelli-2010" /> Increased [[biomass]] is one of the effects with simulations from experiments predicting a 5–20% increase in crop yields at 550 ppm of CO<sub>2</sub>.<ref name="Tubiello-2007">{{cite journal | last1 = Tubiello | first1 = FN | last2 = Soussana | first2 = J-F | last3 = Howden | first3 = SM | year = 2007 | title = Crop and pasture response to climate change | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 104 | issue = 50| pages = 19686–19690 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0701728104| pmid = 18077401 | pmc = 2148358 | bibcode = 2007PNAS..10419686T | doi-access = free }}</ref> Rates of leaf photosynthesis were shown to increase by 30–50% in [[C3 carbon fixation|C3]] plants, and 10–25% in [[C4 carbon fixation|C4]] under doubled CO<sub>2</sub> levels.<ref name="Tubiello-2007" /> The existence of a [[feedback mechanism]] results a [[phenotypic plasticity]] in response to [CO<sub>2</sub>]<sub>atm</sub> that may have been an adaptive trait in the evolution of plant respiration and function.<ref name="Rico-2013" /><ref name="Rogiers-2011" />

Predicting how stomata perform during adaptation is useful for understanding the productivity of plant systems for both natural and [[agricultural systems]].<ref name="Buckley-2013" /> Plant breeders and farmers are beginning to work together using evolutionary and participatory plant breeding to find the best suited species such as heat and drought resistant crop varieties that could naturally evolve to the change in the face of food security challenges.<ref name="Ceccarelli-2010" />