Editing St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (section)

==Cultural references==
{{more citations needed|section|date=November 2017}}

[[File:Huguenot lovers on St. Bartholomew's Day.jpg|left|thumb|upright=0.85|[[John Everett Millais]]'s painting, ''[[A Huguenot, on St. Bartholomew's Day]]'']]
[[File:Intolerance (St. Bartholomew's Day massacre).jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.85|Depiction of the massacre on a poster for the film ''[[Intolerance (film)|Intolerance]]'' (1916)]]
The [[Elizabethan]] dramatist [[Christopher Marlowe]] knew the story well from the Huguenot literature translated into English, and probably from French refugees who had sought refuge in his native [[Canterbury]]. He wrote a strongly anti-Catholic and anti-French play based on the events entitled ''[[The Massacre at Paris]]''. Also, in his biography ''The World of Christopher Marlowe'', David Riggs claims the incident remained with the playwright, and massacres are incorporated into the final acts of three of his early plays, ''1'' and ''2 Tamburlaine'' and ''The Jew of Malta'' – see above for Marlowe and Machiavellism.

The story was also taken up in 1772 by [[Louis-Sébastien Mercier]] in his play ''Jean Hennuyer, Bishop of Lizieux'', unperformed until the [[French Revolution]]. This play was translated into English, with some adaptations, as ''The Massacre'' by the actress and playwright [[Elizabeth Inchbald]] in 1792. Inchbald kept the historical setting, but ''The Massacre'', completed by February 1792, also reflected events in the recent French Revolution, though not the [[September Massacres]] of 1792, which coincided with its printing.<ref>Burdett, Sarah, Sarah Burdett, "'Feminine Virtues Violated’ Motherhood, Female Militancy and Revolutionary Violence in Elizabeth Inchbald's ''The Massacre'', p. 3, ''Dandelion'', 5.1 (Summer 2014), [http://dandelionjournal.org/index.php/dandelion/article/viewFile/194/176 PDF]</ref>

[[Joseph Chénier]]'s play ''Charles IX'' was a huge success during the French Revolution, drawing strongly anti-monarchical and anti-religious lessons from the massacre. Chénier was able to put his principles into practice as a politician, voting for the execution of [[Louis XVI]] and many others, perhaps including his brother [[André Chénier]]. However, before the collapse of the Revolution he became suspected of moderation, and in some danger himself.<ref>Maslan, Susan (2005), ''Revolutionary Acts: Theater, Democracy, and the French Revolution'', Johns Hopkins University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8018-8125-1}}
[https://books.google.com/books?id=KxSLdT56z0cC&dq=Voltaire+Bartholomew%27s+Day+Massacre&pg=PA40 p. 40]</ref>
 
The story was fictionalised by [[Prosper Mérimée]] in his ''[[A Chronicle of the Reign of Charles IX]]'' (1829), and by [[Alexandre Dumas, père]] in ''[[La Reine Margot (novel)|La Reine Margot]]'', an 1845 novel that fills in the history as it was then seen with romance and adventure. That novel has been translated into English and was made first into a commercially successful [[French film]] in 1954, ''[[La Reine Margot (1954 film)|La reine Margot]]'' (US title "A Woman of Evil"), starring [[Jeanne Moreau]]. It was remade in 1994 as ''[[La Reine Margot (1994 film)|La Reine Margot]]'' (later as ''Queen Margot'', and subtitled, in English-language markets), starring [[Isabelle Adjani]].

[[File:They seemed but dark shadows as they slid along the walls (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|"They seemed but dark shadows as they slid along the walls", illustration from an English ''History of France'', c. 1912]]
[[Giacomo Meyerbeer]]'s [[opera]] ''[[Les Huguenots]]'' (1836), very loosely based on the events of the massacre, was one of the most popular and spectacular examples of French [[grand opera]].

The [[Pre-Raphaelite]] painter [[John Everett Millais]] managed to create a sentimental moment in the massacre in his painting ''[[A Huguenot, on St. Bartholomew's Day]]'' (1852), which depicts a Catholic woman attempting to convince her Huguenot lover to wear the white scarf badge of the Catholics and protect himself. The man, true to his beliefs, gently refuses her.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.humanitiesweb.org/human.php?s=g&p=c&a=p&ID=216|title=A Huguenot on St Bartholomew's Day|access-date=19 April 2007|publisher=Humanities Web}}</ref> Millais was inspired to create the painting after seeing Meyerbeer's ''Les Huguenots''.

[[Mark Twain]] described the massacre in "From the Manuscript of 'A Tramp Abroad' (1879): The French and the Comanches", an essay about "partly civilized races". He wrote in part, "St. Bartholomew's was unquestionably the finest thing of the kind ever devised and accomplished in the world. All the best people took a hand in it, the King and the Queen Mother included."<ref>Letters from Earth. Ostara publications. 2013</ref>

The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre and the events surrounding it were incorporated into [[D.W. Griffith]]'s film ''[[Intolerance (movie)|Intolerance]]'' (1916). The film follows [[Catherine de' Medici]] ([[Josephine Crowell]]) plotting the massacre, coercing her son King [[Charles IX of France|Charles IX]] (Frank Bennett) to sanction it. Incidental characters include Henri of Navarre, [[Marguerite de Valois]] ([[Constance Talmadge]]), [[Admiral Coligny]] ([[Joseph Henabery]]), and the Duke of Anjou, who is portrayed as homosexual. These historic scenes are depicted alongside a fictional plot in which a Huguenot family is caught among the events.

Another novel depicting this massacre is ''[[Queen Jezebel (novel)|Queen Jezebel]]'', by [[Jean Plaidy]] (1953). In the third episode of the [[BBC]] miniseries ''[[Elizabeth R]]'' (1971), starring [[Glenda Jackson]] as Queen Elizabeth I of England, the English court's reaction to the massacre and its effect on England's relations with France is addressed in depth.

A 1966 serial in the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[science fiction on television|science fiction television]] series ''[[Doctor Who]]'' entitled ''[[The Massacre of St Bartholomew's Eve]]'' is set during the events leading up to the Paris massacre. [[Leonard Sachs]] appeared as Admiral Coligny and Joan Young played Catherine de' Medici. This serial is [[Doctor Who missing episodes|missing from the BBC archives]] and survives only in audio form. It depicts the massacre as having been instigated by Catherine de' Medici for both religious and political reasons, and authorised by a weak-willed and easily influenced Charles IX.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Doctor Who Transcripts – The Massacre of St Bartholomew's Eve |url=http://www.chakoteya.net/DoctorWho/3-4.htm |website=Chrissie's Transcripts Site |access-date=25 February 2020}}</ref>

The St Bartholomew's Day massacre is the setting for [[Tim Willocks]]' historical novel, ''The Twelve Children of Paris'' (Matthias Tannhauser Trilogy:2), published in 2013.

[[Ken Follett]]'s 2017 historical fiction novel ''[[A Column of Fire]]'' uses this event. Several chapters depict in great detail the massacre and the events leading up to it, with the book's protagonists getting some warning in advance and making enormous but futile efforts to avert it. Follett completely clears King Charles IX and his mother Catherine of any complicity and depicts them as sincere proponents of religious toleration, caught by surprise and horrified by the events; he places the entire responsibility on the Guise Family, following the "Machiavellian" view of the massacre and depicting it as a complicated Guise conspiracy, meticulously planned in advance and implemented in full detail.

The second season finale of ''[[The Serpent Queen]]'' depicts the St. Bartholomew's massacre.