Editing Socialization (section)

=== Racial socialization ===
Racial socialization, or [[racial-ethnic socialization]], has been defined as "the developmental processes by which children acquire the behaviors, perceptions, values, and attitudes of an [[ethnic group]], and come to see themselves and others as members of the group".<ref>Rotherman, M., & Phinney, J. (1987). "Introduction: Definitions and perspectives in the study of children's ethnic socialization". In J. Phinney & M. Rotherman (Eds.), ''Children's ethnic socialization: Pluralism and development'' (pp. 10-28). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.</ref> The existing literature conceptualizes racial socialization as having multiple dimensions. Researchers have identified five dimensions that commonly appear in the racial socialization literature: cultural socialization, preparation for bias, promotion of mistrust, egalitarianism, and other.<ref name="Hughes">{{cite journal | last1 = Hughes | first1 = D. | last2 = Rodriguez | first2 = J. | last3 = Smith | first3 = E. | last4 = Johnson | first4 = D. | last5 = Stevenson | first5 = H. | last6 = Spicer | first6 = P. | year = 2006 | title = Parents' ethnic-racial socialization practices: A review of research and directions for future study | journal = Developmental Psychology | volume = 42 | issue = 5 | pages = 747–770 | doi = 10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.747 | pmid= 16953684| citeseerx = 10.1.1.525.3222 }}</ref> Cultural socialization, sometimes referred to as "pride development", refers to parenting practices that teach children about their racial history or heritage.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jagers |first1=Robert J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pHp0DwAAQBAJ |title=Manhood Development in Urban African-American Communities |last2=Watts |first2=Roderick J. |date=24 October 2018 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781317720850 |edition=reprint |quote=Factor 3 represents items and attitudes that endorse the teaching of pride and knowledge of African-American culture to children and is entitled Pride Development Socialization (PDS). |access-date=15 June 2023 |orig-date=1997}}</ref>
Preparation for bias refers to parenting practices focused on preparing children to be aware of, and cope with, discrimination. Promotion of mistrust refers to the parenting practices of socializing children to be wary of people from other races. Egalitarianism refers to socializing children with the belief that all people are equal and should be treated with common humanity.<ref name="Hughes" /> In the [[United States]], white people are socialized to perceive race as a [[zero-sum game]] and a black-white binary.<ref>{{cite web |last1= Gil De Lamadrid |first1= Daniel |title= The Whiteness of Prejudice Plus Power |url= https://www.academia.edu/82085111 |website=Academia|date=2022}}</ref>