Editing Smithsonian Institution (section)

==Administration==
[[File:Smithsonian Castle Doorway.jpg|thumb|200px|upright|The Smithsonian Castle doorway]]
The Smithsonian Institution was established as a [[Trust (property)|trust]] instrumentality by act of Congress.<ref name="Stam">{{cite book|last=Stam|first=David H.|title=International Dictionary of Library Histories, Volume 1 & 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=APtYCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA702|access-date=September 9, 2016|year=2001|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-1-136-77785-1|page=702 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416054300/https://books.google.com/books?id=APtYCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA702 |archive-date=April 16, 2017}}</ref> More than two-thirds of the Smithsonian's workforce of some 6,300 persons are employees of the federal government. The [[Smithsonian Institution Office of Protection Services]] oversees security at the Smithsonian facilities and enforces laws and regulations for [[National Capital Parks]] together with the [[United States Park Police]].

The president's 2011 budget proposed just under $800&nbsp;million in support for the Smithsonian, slightly increased from previous years. Institution exhibits are free of charge, though in 2010 the [[National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform|Deficit Commission]] recommended admission fees.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fiscalcommission.gov/sites/fiscalcommission.gov/files/documents/Illustrative_List_11.10.2010.pdf |title=$200 billion in Illustrative Savings |publisher= | work= fiscalCommission.gov |access-date=July 1, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119153741/http://www.fiscalcommission.gov/sites/fiscalcommission.gov/files/documents/Illustrative_List_11.10.2010.pdf |archive-date=November 19, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://newsdesk.si.edu/releases/smithsonian-responds-deficit-commission-s-recommendation-admission-fees |title=Smithsonian Responds to Deficit Commission's Recommendation on Admission Fees | website= Smithsonian Institution  |date=November 12, 2010 |access-date=November 18, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101116150742/http://newsdesk.si.edu/releases/smithsonian-responds-deficit-commission-s-recommendation-admission-fees |archive-date=November 16, 2010}}</ref>

As approved by [[United States Congress|Congress]] on August 10, 1846, the legislation that created the Smithsonian Institution called for the creation of a Board of Regents to govern and administer the organization.<ref name="Stam"/> This seventeen-member board meets at least four times a year and includes as ''[[ex officio]]'' members the [[Chief Justice of the United States|chief justice of the United States]] and the [[Vice President of the United States|vice president of the United States]]. The nominal head of the institution is the [[Chancellor (education)|chancellor]], an office which has traditionally been held by the chief justice. In September 2007, the board created the position of chair of the Board of Regents, a position currently held by [[Risa Lavizzo-Mourey]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Smithsonian Board of Regents |url=https://www.si.edu/regents/members | website= Smithsonian Institution  |access-date= }}</ref>

Other members of the Board of Regents are three members of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] appointed by the [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|speaker of the House]]; three members of the Senate, appointed by the [[Senate of the United States#Officers|president ''pro tempore'' of the Senate]]; and nine citizen members, nominated by the board and approved by the Congress in a joint resolution signed by the president of the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newsdesk.si.edu/kits/default.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407183020/http://newsdesk.si.edu/kits/default.htm|url-status= dead|title=Smithsonian Press Kit| website= Smithsonian Institution  |archive-date=April 7, 2010}}</ref> Regents who are senators or representatives serve for the duration of their elected terms, while citizen Regents serve a maximum of two six-year terms. Regents are compensated on a part-time basis.

The [[chief executive officer]] (CEO) of the Smithsonian is the secretary, who is appointed by the Board of Regents. The secretary also serves as secretary to the Board of Regents but is not a voting member of that body. The secretary of the Smithsonian has the [[Standing Rules of the United States Senate, Rule XXIII|privilege of the floor]] at the [[United States Senate]]. On September 18, 2013, Secretary G. Wayne Clough announced he would retire in October 2014. The Smithsonian Board of Regents said it asked regent John McCarter, Jr., to lead a search committee.<ref name="Cloughret">[http://www.bizjournals.com/washington/blog/top-shelf/2013/09/smithsonian-chief-will-retire-in-2014.html Cooper, Rebecca. "Smithsonian Chief Will Retire in 2014." ''Washington Business Journal.'' September 18, 2013.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920043648/http://www.bizjournals.com/washington/blog/top-shelf/2013/09/smithsonian-chief-will-retire-in-2014.html |date=September 20, 2013 }} Accessed September 18, 2013.</ref> On March 10, 2014, the Smithsonian Board selected [[David Skorton]], a physician and president of [[Cornell University]], as the thirteenth secretary of the Smithsonian. Skorton took the reins of the institution on July 1, 2015.<ref name="BoyleParkerSkorton">[http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/2014/03/10/cc7d2244-a85d-11e3-8d62-419db477a0e6_story.html Parker, Lonnae O'Neal Parker and Boyle, Katherine. "Smithsonian Institution Names Cornell President As Its 13th Secretary." ''Washington Post.'' March 10, 2014.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227082935/http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/2014/03/10/cc7d2244-a85d-11e3-8d62-419db477a0e6_story.html |date=December 27, 2014 }} Accessed March 10, 2014.</ref> Upon Skorton's announced resignation in 2019, the Board selected [[Lonnie Bunch|Lonnie Bunch III]], the founding director of the Smithsonian's [[National Museum of African American History and Culture]], as the fourteenth secretary.<ref name="NPR1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/05/28/727497208/smithsonian-institution-names-lonnie-bunch-iii-as-its-next-secretary|title=Lonnie Bunch III Set To Become Smithsonian Institution's 1st Black Secretary|newspaper=NPR|date=May 28, 2019|last1=Dwyer|first1=Colin}}</ref>

===Secretaries of the Smithsonian Institution===
The following persons have served as secretary of the Smithsonian Institution:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.si.edu/newsdesk/factsheets/secretaries-smithsonian-institution |title=The Secretaries of the Smithsonian Institution |date=April 19, 2019 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref>

{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
!{{Abbr|No.|Number}}
!Portrait
!Secretary
!Term start
!Term end
!Notes
|-
|1
|[[File:Joseph Henry - Brady-Handy.jpg|70px]]
|[[Joseph Henry]]
|1846
|May 13, 1878
|died in office<ref>{{cite news |url=https://baltimoresun.newspapers.com/newspage/372513415/ |title=Funeral of the Late Prof. Henry. |date=May 17, 1878 |page=4 |newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |url-access=subscription |quote=}}</ref>
|-
|2
|[[File:Portrait of Spencer Fullerton Baird - 1867.jpg|70px]]
|[[Spencer Fullerton Baird]]
|May 17, 1878
|August 19, 1887
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://baltimoresun.newspapers.com/newspage/372513454/ |title=TELEGRAPHIC SUMMARY, ETC. |date=May 18, 1878 |page=1 |newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |url-access=subscription |quote=The board of regents of the Smithsonian Institution at Washington yesterday elected Prof. Spencer F. Baird secretary of the institution in place of the late Prof. Joseph Henry. Prof. Baird is a native of Reading, Pa., and is a distinguished naturalist, has written several scientific works, is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, and is president of the United States Fish Commission.}}</ref> died in office<ref>{{cite news |url=https://baltimoresun.newspapers.com/newspage/371221050/ |title=DEATHS OF WELL-KNOWN MEN |date=August 20, 1887 |page=4 |newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |url-access=subscription |quote=Spencer F. Baird, secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, director of the National Museum and United States commissioner of fish and fisheries, died here at 3.45 P.M. today, in the 65th year of his age.}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#e6e6aa"
|acting
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff"|[[File:Samuel Pierpont Langley.jpg|70px]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff"|[[Samuel Pierpont Langley]]
|August 19, 1887
|November 18, 1887
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_323 |title=Samuel Langley Appointed Acting Secretary |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref>
|-
|3
|November 18, 1887
|February 27, 1906
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://post-gazette.newspapers.com/newspage/86378573/ |title=He is Elected Secretary of the Smithsonian Institute. |date=November 19, 1887 |page=2 |newspaper=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]] |url-access=subscription |quote=An Associated Press telegram from Washington last evening, stated that at a special meeting of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institute held yesterday, Prof. P. Langley was elected secretary of the institution, to succeed the late Prof. S. F. Baird.}}</ref> died in office<ref>{{cite news |url=https://post-gazette.newspapers.com/newspage/86545699/ |title=PROFESSOR SAMUEL P. LANGLEY, THE NOTED SCIENTIST, WHO DIED YESTERDAY |date=February 28, 1906 |page=1 |newspaper=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]] |url-access=subscription |quote=Samuel P. Langley, who died at Aiken, S.C., today had a slight stroke of paralysis November 22nd, which affected his right side.}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#e6e6aa"
|acting
|[[File:Richard Rathbun.jpg|70px]]
|[[Richard Rathbun]]
|February 27, 1906
|January 24, 1907
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_arc_216663 |title=Record Unit 55 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref>
|-
|4
|[[File:Charles Walcott.jpg|70px]]
|[[Charles Doolittle Walcott]]
|January 24, 1907
|February 9, 1927
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://baltimoresun.newspapers.com/newspage/371717710/ |title=C. D. WALCOTT ELECTED: Becomes Secretary Of The Smithsonian Institution |date=January 24, 1907 |page=2 |newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |url-access=subscription |quote=Charles D. Walcott, the present the director of the United States Geological Survey, was today elected secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, to succeed the late Prof. S. P. Langley.}}</ref> died in office<ref>{{cite news |url=https://baltimoresun.newspapers.com/newspage/373294259/ |title=Smithsonian Secretary Is Victim Of Apoplexy |date=February 10, 1927 |page=2 |newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |url-access=subscription |quote=Dr. Charles D. Walcott, secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, died here today from apoplexy. He was 77 years old.}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#e6e6aa"
|acting
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff"|[[File:Dr. Charles G. Abbot with Book.jpg|70px]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff"|[[Charles Greeley Abbot]]
|February 10, 1927
|January 10, 1928
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://baltimoresun.newspapers.com/newspage/373162226/ |title=Expeditions Seek Fuller Conception Of World |date=April 24, 1927 |page=127 |newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |url-access=subscription |quote=The year's expeditions were headed by journey to Algeria, Baluchistan and Southwest Africa, undertaken by Dr. C. G. Abbot, acting secretary of the Smithsonian, under the auspices of the National Geographic Society and the Smithsonian to select a site for a solar observatory in the Eastern Hemisphere.}}</ref>
|-
|5
|January 10, 1928
|June 30, 1944
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://baltimoresun.newspapers.com/newspage/373788073/ |title=Elected Secretary Of Smithsonian DR. CHARLES GREELEY ABBOT |date=January 11, 1928 |page=11 |newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |url-access=subscription |quote=Charles Greeley Abbot, recognized as the world's foremost authority on solar radiation, was elected secretary of the Smithsonian Institution today board of regents of the institution, headed by Chief Justice Taft. He succeeds the late Dr. Charles D. Walcott. Dr. Abbot has been assistant secretary since 1918 and has directed the work of the institution since Dr. Walcott's death last February.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://baltimoresun.newspapers.com/newspage/374317768/ |title=Dr. C. F. Abbot Retires As Smithsonian Official |date=June 30, 1944 |page=6 |newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |url-access=subscription |quote=Dr. Charles F. Abbot, 72, reputed to know more about the sun than any other man announced today his retirement as secretary of Washington's Smithsonian Institution. A native of Wilton, N. Dr. Abbot acquired fame as early as for his researches into the phenomena of solar radiation. His books include "The Sun." Dr. Abbot has been Smithsonian secretary since 1928. His assistant, Dr. Alexander Wetmore, a native of Wisconsin, will become acting secretary effective Saturday.}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#e6e6aa"
|acting
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff"|[[File:Dr. Alexander Wetmore, Asst. Sec. of Smithsonian Institute, 4-6-25 LCCN2016850256.jpg|70px]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff"|[[Alexander Wetmore]]
|July 1, 1944
|January 12, 1945
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_733 |title=Charles G. Abbot Retires as Secretary |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref>
|-
|6
|January 13, 1945
|December 31, 1952
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://baltimoresun.newspapers.com/newspage/373944560/ |title=Made Smithsonian Secretary |date=January 14, 1945 |page=13 |newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |url-access=subscription |quote=Dr. Alexander Wetmore has been elected secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, succeeding Dr. Charles G. Abbott, who resigned last June. Dr. Wetmore has been assistant Secretary since 1925.}}</ref>
|-
|7
|[[File:Secretary Leonard Carmichael.jpg|70px]]
|[[Leonard Carmichael]]
|January 1, 1953
|December 31, 1963
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://bostonglobe.newspapers.com/newspage/433341020/ |title=Dr. Carmichael Made Head of Smithsonian |date=April 10, 1952 |page=3 |newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] |url-access=subscription |quote=Pres. Leonard Carmichael of Tufts College said last night he will leave the college "with the deepest feeling of regret" to take the post of secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, to which he was elected, yesterday. An alumnus and president for the past 14 years, Carmichael was selected from a list of 30 distinguished educators, scientists and civic leaders to head the group of national museums in Washington. He is the first college president to hold the position. His election was announced by the chancellor of the board of regents, Fred M. Vinson, Chief Justice of the United States. He succeeds Dr. Alexander Wetmore, retiring after seven years of management of the 106-year-old institution. At Dr. Carmichael's request, the appointment was made effective Jan, 1, 1953. since he wished to be present for the entire calendar year of Tufts Centennial, now being observed.}}</ref>
|-
|8
|[[File:S. Dillon Ripley, Smithsonian Institution, 1984.jpg|70px]]
|[[Sidney Dillon Ripley]]
|January 1, 1964
|September 16, 1984
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://courant.newspapers.com/newspage/367941197/ |title=Yale Biologist Named Smithsonian Secretary |date=July 14, 1963 |page=25 |newspaper=[[Hartford Courant]] |url-access=subscription |quote=Dr. S. Dillon Ripley 2d, director of the Peabody Museum of Natural History here and biology professor at Yale University, was elected secretary of the Smithsonian Institution at Washington, DC, it was announced Saturday. The announcement of Dr. Ripley's election by the Smithsonian Board of Regents was announced by Chief Justice Earl Warren of the U.S. Supreme Court, chancellor of the Smithsonian. He will succeed Dr. Leonard Carmichael next Jan. 1. World-Known Dr. Ripley will be the eighth man to serve as secretary of the 117-year-old Smithsonian.}}</ref>
|-
|9
|[[File:Ninth Secretary, Robert McCormick Adams.jpg|70px]]
|[[Robert McCormick Adams, Jr.]]
|nowrap|September 17, 1984
|nowrap|September 18, 1994
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://latimes.newspapers.com/newspage/401703195/ |title=Chicago Educator Named Smithsonian Secretary |date=January 24, 1984 |page=8 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url-access=subscription |quote=The Smithsonian Institution on Monday named University of Chicago archeologist and anthropologist Robert McCormick Adams as its ninth secretary. Adams, 57, will succeed Secretary S. Dillon Ripley when Ripley retires on Sept. 17, just before his 71st birthday, after two decades of guiding the institution's growth.}}</ref><ref name="tribune 1994">{{cite news |url=https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/newspage/167098049/ |title=Smithsonian gains Latino perspective |date=December 27, 1994 |page=52 |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]] |url-access=subscription |quote=So he was hired by retiring Smithsonian Secretary Robert Adams as a consultant to implement the report's recommendations. When Adams was replaced on Sept. 19 by I. Michael Heyman, the new administrator declared in his inaugural speech his intention to continue the movement toward inclusion.}}</ref>
|-
|10
|
|[[Ira Michael Heyman]]
|September 19, 1994
|December 31, 1999
|<ref name="tribune 1994"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.historians.org/perspectives-article/michael-heyman-to-retire-from-the-smithsonian-march-1999/ |title=Michael Heyman to Retire from the Smithsonian |date=March 1, 1999 |work=[[American Historical Association]]}}</ref>
|-
|11
|
|[[Lawrence M. Small]]
|January 1, 2000
|March 26, 2007
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/14/arts/president-of-fannie-mae-is-to-lead-smithsonian.html |title=President Of Fannie Mae Is to Lead Smithsonian |first=Irvin |last=Molotsky |date=September 14, 1999 |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/2007/03/27/9151771/small-leaves-smithsonian-amid-criticism |title=Small Leaves Smithsonian Amid Criticism |date=March 27, 2007 |first=Elizabeth |last=Blair |work=[[NPR]]}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#e6e6aa"
|acting
|[[File:Cristian Samper at the Public Meeting of Advisory Council on Wildlife Trafficking (11437208214) (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|[[Cristián Samper]]
|March 26, 2007
|June 30, 2008
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/26/AR2007032600643.html |title=Smithsonian's Small Quits in Wake of Inquiry |first1=Jacqueline |last1=Trescott |first2=James V. |last2=Grimaldi |date=March 27, 2007 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>
|-
|12
|[[File:G. Wayne Clough official photo.jpg|70px]]
|[[G. Wayne Clough]]
|July 1, 2008
|December 31, 2014
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.si.edu/newsdesk/releases/g-wayne-clough-named-secretary-smithsonian-institution |title=G. Wayne Clough Named Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution |date=March 15, 2008 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.si.edu/newsdesk/releases/smithsonian-secretary-announces-plan-retire |title=Smithsonian Secretary Announces Plan to Retire |date=September 18, 2013 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#e6e6aa"
|acting
|
|Albert G. Horvath
|January 1, 2015
|June 30, 2015
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.si.edu/newsdesk/releases/smithsonian-chancellor-names-albert-horvath-acting-secretary |title=Smithsonian Chancellor Names Albert Horvath Acting Secretary |date=October 30, 2014 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref>
|-
|13
|[[File:David J. Skorton official photo.jpg|70px]]
|[[David J. Skorton]]
|July 1, 2015
|June 14, 2019
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.si.edu/newsdesk/releases/smithsonian-regents-name-david-skorton-13th-smithsonian-secretary |title=Smithsonian Regents Name David Skorton 13th Smithsonian Secretary |date=March 10, 2014 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.si.edu/newsdesk/releases/secretary-david-skorton-depart-smithsonian |title=Secretary David Skorton To Depart the Smithsonian |date=December 20, 2018 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref><ref name="BoyleParkerSkorton" />
|-
|14
|[[File:Lonnie G. Bunch III on 18 October 2023 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|[[Lonnie Bunch]]
|June 15, 2019
|present
|<ref name="NPR1"></ref>
|-
|}