Editing Slavonia (section)

==Culture==
{{see also|Culture of Croatia}}
[[File:1910, Miroslav Kraljevic, Autoportret sa psom, ulje, 110x85,5, Moderna galerija Zagreb.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Miroslav Kraljević]], self-portrait]]
The [[cultural heritage]] of Slavonia represents a blend of social influences through its history, especially since the end of the 17th century, and the traditional culture. A particular impact was made by [[Baroque]] art and architecture of the 18th century, when the cities of Slavonia started developing after the Ottoman wars ended and stability was restored to the area. The period saw great prominence of the nobility, who were awarded estates in Slavonia by the imperial court in return for their service during the wars. They included [[Prince Eugene of Savoy]], the [[House of Esterházy]], the House of [[Odescalchi]], [[Philipp Karl von Eltz-Kempenich]], the House of [[Prandau-Normann Castle|Prandau-Normann]], the [[House of Pejačević]] and the [[List of noble families of Croatia|House of Janković]]. That in turn encouraged an influx of contemporary European culture to the region. Subsequent development of the cities and society saw the influence of [[Neoclassicism]], [[Historicism (art)|Historicism]] and especially of [[Art Nouveau]].<ref name="Heritage-modern">{{cite web|publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (Croatia)]]|url=http://www.bastina-slavonija.info/TematskeCjeline.aspx?id=31|title=Novi vijek|trans-title=Modern history|language=hr|access-date=31 March 2012}}</ref>

The heritage of the region includes numerous [[landmark]]s, especially [[manor house]]s built by the nobility in largely in the 18th and the 19th centuries. Those include [[Prandau-Normann Castle|Prandau-Normann]] and [[Prandau-Mailath Castle|Prandau-Mailath]] manor houses in [[Valpovo]] and [[Donji Miholjac]] respectively,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Osijek-Baranja County Tourist Board|url=http://www.tzosbarzup.hr/en/visit/cultural-attractions/prandau-mailath-castle,4215.html|title=Prandau – Mailath Castle|access-date=18 June 2012|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235242/http://www.tzosbarzup.hr/en/visit/cultural-attractions/prandau-mailath-castle,4215.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Osijek-Baranja County Tourist Board|url=http://www.tzosbarzup.hr/hr/posjetite/kulturne-atrakcije/dvorac-prandau-normann,4216.html|title=Dvorac Prandau – Normann|trans-title=Prandau – Normann Castle|language=hr|access-date=18 June 2012|archive-date=29 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429191543/http://www.tzosbarzup.hr/hr/posjetite/kulturne-atrakcije/dvorac-prandau-normann,4216.html}}</ref> manor houses in Baranja—in [[Bilje, Croatia|Bilje]],<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Osijek-Baranja County Tourist Board|url=http://www.tzosbarzup.hr/en/visit/cultural-attractions/the-castle-in-bilje,3683.html|title=The castle in Bilje|access-date=18 June 2012|archive-date=21 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721050928/http://www.tzosbarzup.hr/en/visit/cultural-attractions/the-castle-in-bilje,3683.html}}</ref> at a former Esterházy estate in Darda,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Osijek-Baranja County Tourist Board|url=http://www.tzosbarzup.hr/en/visit/cultural-attractions/the-castle-in-darda,3684.html|title=The castle in Darda|access-date=18 June 2012|archive-date=21 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721053457/http://www.tzosbarzup.hr/en/visit/cultural-attractions/the-castle-in-darda,3684.html}}</ref> in [[Tikveš, Croatia|Tikveš]],<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Osijek-Baranja County Tourist Board|url=http://www.tzosbarzup.hr/en/visit/cultural-attractions/the-castle-in-tikves,3685.html|title=The castle in Tikveš|access-date=18 June 2012|archive-date=21 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721060120/http://www.tzosbarzup.hr/en/visit/cultural-attractions/the-castle-in-tikves,3685.html}}</ref> and in [[Kneževo, Croatia|Kneževo]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Osijek-Baranja County Tourist Board|url=http://www.tzosbarzup.hr/en/visit/cultural-attractions/the-castle-in-knezevo,3686.html|title=The castle in Kneževo|access-date=18 June 2012|archive-date=21 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721060145/http://www.tzosbarzup.hr/en/visit/cultural-attractions/the-castle-in-knezevo,3686.html}}</ref> Pejačevićs built several residences, the most representative ones among them being [[Pejačević Castle in Virovitica|manor house in Virovitica]] and the [[Pejačević manor house in Našice]].<ref name="Tportal-Landmarks">{{cite web|publisher=t-portal.hr|url=http://www.tportal.hr/lifestyle/putovanja/160308/Najljepsi-hrvatski-dvorci.html|title=Najljepši hrvatski dvorci|trans-title=The most beautiful castles of Croatia|language=hr|date=18 November 2011|access-date=18 June 2012}}</ref> Further east, along the Danube, there are [[Ilok Castle|Odescalchi manor house]] in Ilok,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=City of Ilok Tourist Board|url=http://turizamilok.hr/index.php?&article_id=23&lang=en|title=The Odescalchi Castle -The Ilok town Museum|access-date=18 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524034743/http://turizamilok.hr/index.php?&article_id=23&lang=en|archive-date=24 May 2013}}</ref> and [[Eltz Manor|Eltz manor house]] in Vukovar—the latter sustained extensive damage during the Battle of Vukovar in 1991,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=City of Vukovar Tourist Board|url=http://www.turizamvukovar.hr/index.php?lang=en&article_id=62|title=The Eltz Castle|access-date=18 June 2012}}</ref> but it was reconstructed by 2011.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Croatian Radiotelevision]]|url=http://www.hrt.hr/index.php?id=48&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=136385&cHash=e775165268|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130217175632/http://www.hrt.hr/index.php?id=48&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=136385&cHash=e775165268|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 February 2013|title=Otvoren obnovljeni dvorac Eltz|language=hr|trans-title=Reconstructed Eltz manor house opens|date=30 October 2011|access-date=18 June 2012}}</ref> In the southeast of the region, the most prominent are [[Kutjevo Jesuit manor house]],<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Požega-Slavonia County Tourist Board|url=http://www.tzzps.hr/ponuda/7-isusovacki-dvorac-kutjevo|language=hr|title=Isusovački dvorac Kutjevo|trans-title=Kutjevo Jesuit manor house|access-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235340/http://www.tzzps.hr/ponuda/7-isusovacki-dvorac-kutjevo|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> and [[Cernik manor house]], located in [[Kutjevo]] and [[Cernik, Brod-Posavina County|Cernik]] respectively.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Brod-Posavina County Tourist Board|url=http://www.bpz.hr/opci_podaci/kultura/barokni_dvorac_cernik/default.aspx|language=hr|title=Barokni dvorac Cernik|trans-title=Baroque Cernik manor house|access-date=19 June 2012|archive-date=31 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031032729/http://www.bpz.hr/opci_podaci/kultura/barokni_dvorac_cernik/default.aspx}}</ref> The period also saw construction of [[Tvrđa]] and [[Brod Fortress|Brod]] [[fortifications]] in Osijek and Slavonski Brod.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inyourpocket.com/croatia/osijek/sightseeing/essentialosijek/venue/6088-tvra.html|title=Tvrđa|work=Essential Osijek|publisher=[[In Your Pocket City Guides|In Your Pocket]]|access-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012003431/http://www.inyourpocket.com/croatia/osijek/sightseeing/essentialosijek/venue/6088-tvra.html|archive-date=12 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Scrinia Slavonica|publisher=Croatian History Institute|issn=1332-4853|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=14184|title=Zapovjednici brodske tvrđave i načelnici grada Broda u 18. i 19. stoljeću|language=hr|trans-title=The military commanders and mayors of Brod in the 18th and 19th centuries|author=Josip Kljajić|volume=2|issue=1|date=October 2002|pages=16–45|access-date=19 June 2012}}</ref> Older, medieval fortifications are preserved only as [[ruins]]—the largest among those being [[Ružica Castle]] near [[Orahovica]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Papuk Nature Park]]|url=http://www.pp-papuk.hr/1english/znamenitosti/ruzica.htm|title=Ružica grad|access-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425083941/http://www.pp-papuk.hr/1english/znamenitosti/ruzica.htm|archive-date=25 April 2012}}</ref> Another landmark dating to the 19th century is the [[Đakovo Cathedral]]—hailed by the [[Pope John XXIII]] as the most beautiful church situated between [[Venice]] and [[Istanbul]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Croatian National Tourist Board]]|url=http://croatia.hr/en-GB/Destinations/Town/Dakovo?ZHNcNDkyLHBcNw%3d%3d|title=Đakovo|access-date=19 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Osijek-Baranja County Tourist Board|language=hr|url=http://www.obz.hr/hr/pdf/VodicHr.pdf|year=2005|title=Kulturno-povijesna baština Osječko-baranjske županije|trans-title=Cultural and historical heritage of Osijek-Baranja County|access-date=19 June 2012|archive-date=20 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520071742/http://www.obz.hr/hr/pdf/VodicHr.pdf}}</ref>

[[File:Erdut.jpg|thumb|right|[[Erdut Castle]], 15th-century fortification near [[Erdut]]<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Erdut Municipality Tourist Board|url=http://tz.opcina-erdut.hr/o-turizmu/|title=O turizmu|date=3 May 2011 |language=hr|trans-title=About tourism|access-date=19 June 2012|archive-date=22 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622171550/http://tz.opcina-erdut.hr/o-turizmu/}}</ref>]]
Slavonia significantly contributed to the culture of Croatia as a whole, both through works of artists and through patrons of the arts—most notable among them being [[Josip Juraj Strossmayer]].<ref name=Writers>{{cite web|publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (Croatia)]]|url=http://www.bastina-slavonija.info/TematskeCjeline.aspx?id=63|title=Jezik i književnost|trans-title=Language and literature|language=hr|access-date=31 March 2012}}</ref> Strossmayer was instrumental in the establishment of the [[Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts|Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts]], later renamed the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://info.hazu.hr/foundation_of_academy|publisher=[[Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts]]|title=The Founding of the Academy|access-date=1 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606084626/http://info.hazu.hr/foundation_of_academy|archive-date=6 June 2010}}</ref> and the reestablishment of the [[University of Zagreb]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unizg.hr/homepage/about-university/history/|publisher=[[University of Zagreb]]|title=University of Zagreb 1699 – 2005|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref> A number of Slavonia's artists, especially writers, made considerable contributions to Croatian culture. Nineteenth-century writers who are most significant in Croatian literature include [[Josip Eugen Tomić]], [[Josip Kozarac]], and [[Miroslav Kraljević (writer)|Miroslav Kraljević]]—author of the first Croatian novel.<ref name=Writers/> Significant twentieth-century poets and writers in Slavonia were [[Dobriša Cesarić]], [[Dragutin Tadijanović]], [[Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić]] and [[Antun Gustav Matoš]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (Croatia)]]|url=http://www.bastina-slavonija.info/TematskeCjeline.aspx?id=216|title=Književnost u Slavoniji u 20. stoljeću|trans-title=Literature in Slavonia in the 20th century|language=hr|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref> Painters associated with Slavonia, who contributed greatly to Croatian art, were [[Miroslav Kraljević]] and [[Bela Čikoš Sesija]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (Croatia)]]|url=http://www.min-kulture.hr/default.aspx?id=5091|title=Uzbudljiva šetnja kroz povijest Slavonije|trans-title=An exciting walk through history of Slavonia|language=hr|author=Vesna Latinović|date=9 August 2009|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref>

Slavonia is a distinct region of Croatia in terms of ethnological factors in traditional music. It is a region where traditional culture is preserved through [[folklore]] festivals. Typical traditional music instruments belong to the [[tamburica]] and [[Croatian bagpipes|bagpipe]] family.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (Croatia)]]|url=http://www.bastina-slavonija.info/TematskeCjeline.aspx?id=78|title=Tradicijska i popularna glazba i ples|trans-title=Traditional and popular music and dance|language=hr|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref> The tamburica is the most representative musical instrument associated with Slavonia's traditional culture. It developed from music instruments brought by the Ottomans during their rule of Slavonia, becoming an integral part of the traditional music, its use surpassing or even replacing the use of bagpipes and [[gusle]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (Croatia)]]|url=http://www.bastina-slavonija.info/TematskeCjeline.aspx?id=81|title=Tamburaštvo|trans-title=Tradition of tamburica|language=hr|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref> A distinct form of traditional song, originating in Slavonia, the [[bećarac]], is recognized as an [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|intangible cultural heritage]] by [[UNESCO]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.glas-slavonije.hr/vijest.asp?rub=1&ID_VIJESTI=152153|language=hr|title=UNESCO uvrstio bećarac u svjetsku baštinu!|trans-title=UNESCO lists bećarac as world heritage!|date=28 November 2011|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00358|title=Bećarac singing and playing from Eastern Croatia|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref>

Out of 122&nbsp;Croatia's universities and other institutions of [[higher education]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.azvo.hr/en/higher-education/higher-education-institutions-in-the-republic-of-croatia|publisher=Agency for Science and Higher Education (Croatia)|title=Higher education institutions in the Republic of Croatia|access-date=19 June 2012}}</ref> Slavonia is home to one university—[[Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek]]—<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.azvo.hr/en/statistics/universities-in-croatia|publisher=Agency for Science and Higher Education (Croatia)|title=Universities in Croatia|access-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317000923/http://www.azvo.hr/en/statistics/universities-in-croatia|archive-date=17 March 2012}}</ref> as well as three [[Institute of technology|polytechnics]] in Požega, Slavonski Brod and Vukovar, as well as a [[college]] in Virovitica—all set up and run by the [[Ministry of Science, Education and Sports (Croatia)|government]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.azvo.hr/en/statistics/polytechnics-in-croatia|publisher=Agency for Science and Higher Education (Croatia)|title=Polytechnics in Croatia|access-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428125800/http://www.azvo.hr/en/statistics/polytechnics-in-croatia|archive-date=28 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.azvo.hr/en/statistics/colleges-in-croatia|publisher=Agency for Science and Higher Education (Croatia)|title=Colleges in Croatia|access-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330020145/http://www.azvo.hr/en/statistics/colleges-in-croatia|archive-date=30 March 2012}}</ref> The University of Osijek, has been established in 1975,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[University of Osijek]]|url=http://www.unios.hr/?g=12&i=150|title=History of Higher Education in Osijek|access-date=19 June 2012}}</ref> but the first institution of higher education in the city was ''Studium Philosophicum Essekini'' founded in 1707, and active until 1780.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[University of Osijek]]|url=http://web.ffos.hr/?id=4|language=hr|title=Povijest|trans-title=History|access-date=19 June 2012}}</ref> Another historical institution of higher education was ''Academia Posegana'' operating in Požega between 1761 and 1776,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=City of Požega Tourist Board|url=http://www.pozega-tz.hr/component/content/article/41-preporuamo-posjetiteljima/97-poeka-gimnazija.html|title=Požeška Gimnazija|trans-title=Požega gymasium|language=hr|access-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012023013/http://www.pozega-tz.hr/component/content/article/41-preporuamo-posjetiteljima/97-poeka-gimnazija.html|archive-date=12 October 2012}}</ref> as an extension of a [[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasium]] operating in the city continuously,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Požega Gymnasium|url=http://www.gimpoz.hr/rubrika/english|title=A brief survey of Gymnasium|access-date=19 June 2012|archive-date=23 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923172107/http://www.gimpoz.hr/rubrika/english}}</ref> since it opened in 1699 as the first [[secondary education]] school in Slavonia.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Obnovljeni život|publisher=Filozofsko teološki institut Družbe Isusove|issn=0351-3947|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=90849|title=Stogodišnjica požeške kolegije|language=hr|trans-title=A century of Požega's college|author=T. Matić|volume=16|issue=9–10|date=November 1935|access-date=19 June 2012}}</ref>

===Cuisine and wines===
{{see also|Cuisine of Croatia|Croatian wine}}
[[File:Graševina i traminac.jpg|thumb|left|Graševina wine ([[Welshriesling]]) and [[Gewürztraminer]] (Traminac) wine, dry white wine, produced in [[Kutjevo]], [[Požega-Slavonia County]].]]

The cuisine of Slavonia reflects cultural influences on the region through the diversity of its culinary influences. The most significant among those were from [[Hungarian cuisine|Hungarian]], [[Viennese cuisine|Viennese]], Central European, as well as [[Turkish cuisine|Turkish]] and [[Arab cuisine]]s brought by series of conquests and accompanying social influences. The ingredients of traditional dishes are [[pickling|pickled]] vegetables, dairy products and [[smoked meat]]s.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Podravka]]|url=http://www.vegeta.hr/articles/slavonija|title=Slavonija|trans-title=Slavonia|language=hr|access-date=1 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428182913/http://www.vegeta.hr/articles/slavonija|archive-date=28 April 2012}}</ref> The most famous traditional preserved meat product is [[kulen]], one of a handful Croatian products protected by the EU as indigenous products.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=[[Vjesnik]]|url=http://www.vjesnik.com/Article.aspx?ID=FE306176-7636-464D-9CF8-1F25DD84E187|title=Paška sol prvi autohtoni proizvod s Unijinom oznakom izvornosti|trans-title=Pag slat as the first indigenous product to receive the EU authenticity certificate|language=hr|date=21 August 2011|author=Marinko Petković|access-date=1 April 2012}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Slavonia is one of Croatia's winemaking sub-regions, a part of its continental winegrowing region. The best known winegrowing areas of Slavonia are centered on [[Đakovo]], [[Ilok]] and [[Kutjevo]], where [[Graševina]] grapes are predominant, but other [[cultivar]]s are increasingly present.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://croatia.hr/hr-HR/Odredista/Mjesto/Ilok/Slavonska-vina?Y2lcOTMxLGRzXDQ5NSxwXDI0|publisher=[[Croatian National Tourist Board]]|title=Ilok|trans-title=Ilok|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref> In past decades, an increasing quantity of wine production in Slavonia was accompanied by increasing quality and growing recognition at home and abroad.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[Jutarnji list]]|url=http://www.jutarnji.hr/hrvatskoj-cak-osam-zlatnih-medalja-za-vina-/300711/|title=Hrvatskoj čak osam zlatnih medalja za vina!|language=hr|trans-title=Croatian wines awarded as many as eight gold medals!|date=20 June 2009|author=Davor Butković|access-date=1 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524105116/http://www.jutarnji.hr/hrvatskoj-cak-osam-zlatnih-medalja-za-vina-/300711/|archive-date=24 May 2013}}</ref> Grape vines were first grown in the region of Ilok, as early as the 3rd century AD. The oldest Slavonian wine cellar still in continuous use for winemaking is located in Kutjevo—built in 1232 by [[Cistercians]].<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[Jutarnji list]]|language=hr|url=http://www.jutarnji.hr/top-10-vinara--kraljica-grasevina----a-onda-sve-ostalo-/875536/|title=TOP 10 vinara: Kraljica graševina... A onda sve ostalo!|trans-title=Top 10 winemakers: Graševina reigns... and everything else follows!|date=7 August 2010|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref>

Slavonian [[oak (wine)|oak]] is used to make ''botti'', large barrels traditionally used in the [[Piemonte (wine)|Piedmont region]] of [[Italy]] to make [[nebbiolo]] wines.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Savino|first1=Anna|title=The Effects of Oak on Nebbiolo|url=http://langhe.net/11768/the-effects-of-oak-on-nebbiolo/?lang=en|website=Langhe.Net|date=September 2015|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref>