Editing Sixth Crusade (section)

==The Sixth Crusade==
Frederick made his last effort to be reconciled with Gregory, sending [[Albert I of Käfernburg]], the archbishop of Magdeburg, and two Sicilian justiciars to speak with the pope. It had no effect and Frederick sailed from Brindisi on 28 June 1228. The fleet was under the command of admiral [[Henry of Malta]], and clergymen Berardus de Castacca, Nicolò dei Maltraversi, Marino Filangieri, and Giacomo of Patti, now [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Capua#Archbishops, 966–1500|archbishop of Capua]], accompanied him. He had only a small force with him, since the main force had sailed in August 1227 and reinforcements in April 1228.{{sfn|Van Cleve|1972|pp=206–213|loc=Frederick II as Crusader}} [[Guérin de Montaigu]], master of the Hospitallers who had helped convince the pope to break the truce with the Muslims, refused to accompany Frederick as an excommunicate. He was replaced by [[Bertrand de Thessy]], who embarked with the emperor.{{sfn|Delaville Le Roulx|1904|pp=137–159|loc=Garin de Montaigu}}

===Stopover in Cyprus===
The route of Frederick's fleet can be traced day-by-day. On 29 June 1228 it stopped in [[Otranto]], whence it crossed the [[Adriatic Sea]] to the island of [[Othonoi]] on 30 June. It was in [[Corfu]] on 1 July, Porto Guiscardo in [[Cephalonia]] on 2 July, [[Methoni, Messenia|Methoni]] on 4 July, Portocaglie near [[Cape Matapan]] on 5 July, [[Cerigo]] on 6 July and it reached [[Souda Bay]] on [[Crete]] on 7 July. The fleet moved slowly along the Cretan coast, pausing for a whole day at [[Heraklion]] before crossing the [[Aegean Sea]] to [[Rhodes]] during 12–15 July. They sailed along the [[Anatolia]]n coast to Phenika, where they stayed on 16–17 July replenishing their water supplies. The fleet then crossed the sea to Cyprus, arriving at [[Limassol]] on 21 July.{{sfn|Van Cleve|1972|pp=206–213|loc=Frederick II as Crusader}}

The [[Kingdom of Cyprus]] had been an imperial fief since the emperor [[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VI]], Frederick's father, had accepted the homage of [[Aimery of Cyprus|Aimery of Lusignan]] and made him king on the eve of the [[German Crusade]] in 1196. [[Hugh I of Cyprus]] had ruled the island kingdom since the death of his father Aimery in 1205. Upon his death, his wife [[Alice of Champagne]] became regent of the young king [[Henry I of Cyprus]]. Alice was the aunt of the empress Isabella II and had attended her coronation in Tyre. In the meantime, [[John of Ibelin, the Old Lord of Beirut|John of Ibelin]], the Old Lord of Beirut, had been appointed regent without the knowledge of either Alice or Frederick.{{sfn|Runciman|1954|pp=179–183|loc=Frederick lands in Cyprus (1228)}}<ref>La Monte, John L. “[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44169728?read-now=1&refreqid=excelsior%3Ade73b765fe642b77035382671877d769&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents John d'Ibelin: The Old Lord of Beiruit, 1177–1236].” ''Byzantion'', Volume 12, No. 1/2, Peeters Publishers (1937), pp. 417–448.</ref>

The emperor arrived with the clear intent of stamping his authority on the kingdom and was treated cordially by the local barons. Frederick claimed that the regency of John of Ibelin was illegitimate and demanded the surrender of John's mainland fief of [[Beirut#Middle Ages|Beirut]] to the imperial throne. Here he erred, for John pointed out that the kingdoms of Cyprus and Jerusalem were constitutionally separate and he could not be punished for offences in Cyprus by seizure of Beirut. This would have important consequences for the crusade, as it alienated the powerful [[House of Ibelin|Ibelin faction]], turning them against the emperor.{{sfn|Edbury|1997|loc=John of Ibelin}}

Frederick sailed to Acre from [[Famagusta]] on 3 September 1228. He was accompanied by the king Henry I of Cyprus, John of Ibelin, and many Cypriote nobles. He left the Cypriote baron [[Amalric Barlais]] as ''bailli'' of Cyprus, supported by Gavin of Chenichy.{{sfn|Furber|1969|pp=610–612|loc=Frederick at Cyprus}}

===In the Kingdom of Jerusalem===
Frederick II arrived in Acre on 7 September 1228 and was received warmly by the Templars, Hospitallers and clergy, but denied the [[kiss of peace]] due to his excommunication. He yielded to pressure and made overtures to the pope, sending [[Henry, Count of Malta|Henry of Malta]] and archbishop Marino Filangieri to announce his arrival in Syria and to request absolution. [[Rainald of Urslingen|Rainald of Spoleto]] was named Frederick's regent in Sicily authorized to negotiate with Rome. But Gregory IX had already made up his mind, sending word to the Latin patriarch and masters of the military orders that the emperor's ban still held, despite his arrival.{{sfn|Van Cleve|1969|pp=451–452|loc=Frederick arrives in Syria}}

When Frederick and his companions arrived at Acre, John of Ibelin went immediately to Beirut to ensure that the city could withstand an imperial attack, returning to face the ''[[High Court of Jerusalem|Haute Cour]].'' Frederick did not immediately take action as Acre was split in its support for Frederick. Frederick's own army and the Teutonic Knights supported him, but the Templars, the patriarch and the Syrian clergy followed the hostile papal line. The Pisans and Genoese supported the emperor and the English vacillated, first for Frederick, shifting to the pope, then back. He gave nominal commands to faithful adherents—[[Hermann von Salza|Hermann of Salza]], [[Odo of Montbéliard]], [[Richard Filangieri]]—in order for Crusaders to avoid jeopardizing their positions in the eyes of the curia. Once news of Frederick's excommunication had spread, public support for him waned considerably. The position of the Hospitallers and Templars was more complicated. They refused to join the emperor's army directly, but they supported the Crusade once Frederick agreed to have his name removed from official orders. The Outremer barons greeted Frederick enthusiastically at first, but were wary of the emperor's history of centralization and his desire to impose imperial authority. This was largely due to Frederick's treatment of [[John of Ibelin, the Old Lord of Beirut|John of Ibelin]] in Cyprus, and his apparent disdain for their constitutional concerns.{{sfn|Van Cleve|1969|pp=452–453|loc=The Crusader Army}}

Frederick's army was not large. Of the troops he had sent under duke [[Henry IV, Duke of Limburg|Henry of Limburg]] in 1227 had mostly returned home out of impatience or of fear of offending the Church. The few who had sailed East under the patriarch [[Gerold of Lausanne|Gérold of Lausanne]] remained as did the knights under [[Richard Filangieri]]. Even augmented with the forces available in Outremer, he could not muster an effective army capable of striking a decisive blow on the Muslims. Further, he got word that his regent [[Rainald of Urslingen|Rainald of Spoleto]] had failed in his attack on the [[March of Ancona]] and that Gregory IX was planning to [[War of the Keys|invade his own kingdom.]] He could neither afford nor mount a lengthening campaign in the Holy Land. The Sixth Crusade would be one of negotiation.{{sfn|Runciman|1954|pp=183–184|loc=Frederick at Acre (1228)}}

===Treaty of Jaffa===
{{main|Treaty of Jaffa (1229)}}
After resolving the internecine struggles in Syria, al-Kamil's position was stronger than it was a year before when he made his original offer to Frederick. He likely did not know that Frederick's force was a mere shadow of the army that had amassed when the Crusade had originally been called. Frederick realised that his only hope of success in the Holy Land was to negotiate for the return of Jerusalem as he lacked the manpower to engage in battle. He sent [[Thomas I of Aquino|Thomas of Aquino]] and [[Balian of Sidon]] to inform the sultan of his arrival in the Holy Land. Al-Kamil was friendly but non-committal. In reply, Frederick received the ambassadors of the sultan, including [[Fakhr ad-Din ibn as-Shaikh]], at the Hospitaller camp at [[Tel Afek|Recordane]], near Acre. The sultan relocated from Nablus to [[Hiribya]], northeast of Gaza, and Thomas and Balian were sent to resume negotiations.{{sfn|Van Cleve|1969|pp=453–454|loc=Negotiations with the Sultan}}

Frederick hoped that a token show of force, a threatening march down the coast, would be enough to convince [[al-Kamil]] to honor a proposed agreement that had been negotiated some years earlier. The masters of the Templars and Hospitallers, [[Pedro de Montaigu]] and [[Bertrand de Thessy]], accompanied the emperor, at a distance behind as he was excommunicate. In January 1229, Frederick received notice that John of Brienne, serving the curia as rector of a [[Patrimony of Saint Peter]],{{sfn|Runciman|1954|p=177|loc=The Fate of John of Brienne}} had taken San Germano and was threatening [[Capua]].{{sfn|Perry|2013|p=142|loc=A decade in the West}} This placed Frederick in an awkward position. If he delayed in the Holy Land too long, he could lose his empire. If he left without results, he would be dishonored. He directed Henry of Malta to send twenty galleys to Syria by the following Easter. Fortunately, al-Kamil was occupied with a [[Siege of Damascus (1229)|siege in Damascus]] against his nephew [[An-Nasir Dawud|an-Nasir Dā’ūd]]. He then agreed to cede Jerusalem to the Franks, along with a narrow corridor to the coast.{{sfn|Van Cleve|1969|pp=454–455|loc=March to Jaffa}}

The treaty was concluded on 18 February 1229, and also involved a ten-year truce.<ref>Hiroshi Takayama (2010). [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09518967.2010.540419 Frederick II's crusade: an example of Christian–Muslim diplomacy], [[Mediterranean Historical Review]], 25:2, pp. 169–185.</ref> The English bishops [[Peter des Roches]] and [[William Briwere]] were witness to the signing. No complete copy of the treaty has survived, either in Latin nor Arabic. In it, al-Kamil surrendered Jerusalem with the exception of some Muslim holy sites. Frederick also received [[Bethlehem]] and [[Nazareth]], part of [[Sidon|Sidon district]], and [[Jaffa]] and [[Toron]], dominating the coast. Other lordships may have been returned to Christian control, but sources disagree. It was, however, a treaty of compromise. The Muslims retained control over the [[Temple Mount]] area of Jerusalem, the [[Qibli Mosque|Jami Al-Aqsa]], and the [[Dome of the Rock]]. The Transjordan castles stayed in Ayyubid hands. Whether Frederick was permitted to restore Jerusalem's fortifications was unclear, although the Crusaders did in fact restore Jerusalem's defensive walls.{{sfn|Van Cleve|1969|pp=455–457|loc=The Treaty of Jaffa}}

The agreement, known sometimes as the [[Treaty of Jaffa (1229)|Treaty of Jaffa]],{{sfn|Richard|1999|pp=312–318|loc=The Sixth Crusade and the Treaty of Jaffa}} also included the agreement signed by the different Ayyubid rulers at [[Tall al-Ajjul|Tell Ajul]] near [[Gaza City|Gaza]], of which, from al-Kamil's perspective, the treaty with Frederick was just an extension,{{sfn|Boas|2001|p=40|loc=The Medieval City}} which allows this agreement to be also called the [[Treaty of Jaffa and Tell Ajul]].{{sfn|Boas|2001|p=1|loc=Introduction}} Frederick seems to have pledged his support to the sultan against all enemies, including Christian ones. The other Crusader states—[[Principality of Antioch]] and [[County of Tripoli]]—would receive no support in the event of war with the Muslims. The strongholds of the Hospitallers and Templars were left ''in statu quo'', and aid was not to be provided from any source. Prisoners from this conflict and the previous crusade were to be released. The provisions for the military orders and the possessions of [[Bohemond IV of Antioch]] likely reflect their lack of support provided to Frederick.{{sfn|Van Cleve|1969|pp=455–457|loc=The Treaty of Jaffa}}

===In Jerusalem===
[[File:Map Crusader states 1240-eng.png|thumb|The Kingdom of Jerusalem after the Sixth Crusade]]
The patriarch and the masters of the military orders—[[Gerold of Lausanne|Gérold of Lausanne]], [[Pedro de Montaigu]] and [[Bertrand de Thessy]]—all felt betrayed by the treaty and its concessions making the protection of the Holy city near-impossible. [[Hermann von Salza|Hermann of Salza]] approached Gérold with a proposal of reconciliation, but the patriarch saw only deceit, trying to prevent Frederick's entry into Jerusalem by threatening excommunication of the army and placing the city under interdict. He sent archbishop [[Peter of Limoges (bishop)|Peter of Caesarea]] to meet the army, but he was too late.{{sfn|Runciman|1954|pp=187–188|loc=The Recovery of Jerusalem (1229)}}

Frederick entered Jerusalem on 17 March 1229 and received the formal surrender of the city by al-Kamil's agent. He went to the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] the next day and placed the crown on his own head. Hermann of Salza read the emperor's statement, blaming his excommunication not on the pope, but his advisors. It is unknown whether he intended this to be interpreted as his official coronation as King of Jerusalem; the absence of the patriarch rendered it questionable. There is evidence to suggest that the crown Frederick wore was actually the imperial one, but in any case proclaiming his lordship over Jerusalem was a provocative act. Legally, he was actually only regent for his son with Isabella, [[Conrad IV of Germany|Conrad II of Jerusalem]], who had been born shortly before Frederick left in 1228. Conrad's maternal grandparents were [[Maria of Montferrat]] and [[John of Brienne]].{{sfn|Runciman|1954|pp=189–190|loc=Frederick at Jerusalem (1229)}}

Still wearing his crown, Frederick proceeded to the palace of the Hospitallers where he met with the English bishops and members of the military orders to discuss the fortifications of the city. Not until the morning of 19 March 1229 did Peter of Caesarea arrive to enforce the interdict, which he wisely chose not to do. At any rate, Frederick's interest in Jerusalem was waning, as he was planning to immediately leave. While Frederick was on his way to the harbour he was pelted with dung and entrails by the unappreciative people of Acre. [[Odo of Montbéliard]] and [[John of Ibelin, the Old Lord of Beirut|John of Ibelin]] quelled the unrest.{{sfn|Hardwicke|1969|p=545|loc=The Crowning of Frederick}}

On 1 May 1229, Frederick departed from Acre, landing at Cyprus to attend the wedding by proxy of [[Henry I of Cyprus]] to [[Alice of Montferrat]], with the bride later transported to Cyprus by the emperor's supporters. He arrived at [[Brindisi]] on 10 June 1229, and it was a month before the pope was aware that he had left the Holy Land. By the autumn, he had regained full possession of his empire. Frederick obtained from the pope relief from his excommunication on 28 August 1230 with the [[Treaty of San Germano]], and he returned to the Hospitallers and the Templars the goods confiscated in Sicily.{{sfn|Whalen|2019|pp=40–44|loc=A contested vow}}