Editing Shaped charge (section)

===Voitenko compressor===
{{Main|Voitenko compressor}}
In 1964 a Soviet scientist proposed that a shaped charge originally developed for piercing thick steel armor be adapted to the task of accelerating shock waves.<ref>Войтенко (Voitenko), А.Е. (1964) "Получение газовых струй большой скорости" (Obtaining high speed gas jets), ''Доклады Академии Наук СССР'' (Reports of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR), '''158''': 1278-1280.</ref> The resulting device, looking a little like a wind tunnel, is called a Voitenko compressor.<ref>NASA, "[https://history.nasa.gov/SP-440/ch6-15.htm The Suicidal Wind Tunnel]"</ref> The Voitenko compressor initially separates a test gas from a shaped charge with a malleable [[steel]] plate. When the shaped charge detonates, most of its energy is focused on the steel plate, driving it forward and pushing the test gas ahead of it. [[Ames Laboratory]] translated this idea into a self-destroying shock tube. A 66-pound shaped charge accelerated the gas in a 3-cm glass-walled tube 2 meters in length. The velocity of the resulting shock wave was 220,000 feet per second (67&nbsp;km/s). The apparatus exposed to the detonation was completely destroyed, but not before useful data was extracted.<ref>{{cite book |title=NASA's Contributions to Aeronautics: Flight environment, operations, flight testing, and research |date=2010 |publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration |isbn=978-0-16-084636-6 |pages=335–336 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C6YqGPYkw9gC |language=en}}</ref>

In a typical Voitenko compressor, a shaped charge accelerates [[hydrogen]] gas which in turn accelerates a thin disk up to about 40&nbsp;km/s.<ref>Explosive Accelerators"[http://www.islandone.org/LEOBiblio/SPBI134.HTM Voitenko Implosion Gun] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806021055/http://www.islandone.org/LEOBiblio/SPBI134.HTM |date=2011-08-06 }}"</ref><ref>I.I. Glass and J.C. Poinssot, "[https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19700009349_1970009349.pdf IMPLOSION DRIVEN SHOCK TUBE]"</ref> A slight modification to the Voitenko compressor concept is a super-compressed detonation,<ref>Shuzo Fujiwara (1992) "[http://www.terrapub.co.jp/e-library/sawaoka/pdf/007.pdf Explosive Technique for Generation of High Dynamic Pressure] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716023701/http://www.terrapub.co.jp/e-library/sawaoka/pdf/007.pdf |date=2011-07-16 }}"</ref><ref>Z.Y. Liu, "[http://reposit.lib.kumamoto-u.ac.jp/bitstream/2298/3007/11/21_102_011.pdf Overdriven Detonation of Explosives due to High-Speed Plate Impact] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327133608/http://reposit.lib.kumamoto-u.ac.jp/bitstream/2298/3007/11/21_102_011.pdf |date=2009-03-27}}"</ref> a device that uses a compressible liquid or solid fuel in the steel compression chamber instead of a traditional gas mixture.<ref>Zhang, Fan (Medicine Hat, Alberta) Murray, Stephen Burke (Medicine Hat, Alberta), Higgins, Andrew (Montreal, Quebec) (2005) "[http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/images4/PCT-PAGES/2006/102006/06024137/06024137.pdf Super compressed detonation method and device to effect such detonation]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}"</ref><ref>Jerry Pentel and Gary G. Fairbanks(1992)"[http://www.google.com/patents/download/Multiple_stage_munition.pdf?id=dlIcAAAAEBAJ&output=pdf&sig=ACfU3U2_qucvkdSb7qnpTNdPx7M8Y-ropQ Multiple Stage Munition]{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}"</ref> A further extension of this technology is the explosive [[diamond anvil cell]],<ref>John M. Heberlin(2006)"[http://www.google.com/patents/pdf/Enhancement_of_solid_explosive_munitions.pdf?id=yC56AAAAEBAJ&output=pdf&sig=ACfU3U1Hwer6m2VSzOXN0VlshjXBiTVvUQ Enhancement of Solid Explosive Munitions Using Reflective Casings]{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}"</ref><ref>Frederick J. Mayer(1988)"[http://www.google.com/patents/pdf/Materials_processing_using_chemically_dr.pdf?id=fx85AAAAEBAJ&output=pdf&sig=ACfU3U22qU2hg7C-Yk7p01FD6KuMb_odxw Materials Processing Using Chemically Driven Spherically Symmetric Implosions]{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}"</ref><ref>Donald R. Garrett(1972)"[http://www.google.com/patents/pdf/DIAMOND_IMPLOSION_APPARATUS.pdf?id=0fEsAAAAEBAJ&output=pdf&sig=ACfU3U1jMbYZhl1GHaIzcaiq6EQEb9Zsjw Diamond Implosion Apparatus]{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}"</ref><ref>L.V. Al'tshuler, K.K. Krupnikov, V.N. Panov and R.F. Trunin(1996)"[http://ufn.ru/ufn96/ufn96_5/Russian/r965e.pdf Explosive laboratory devices for shock wave compression studies]"</ref> utilizing multiple opposed shaped-charge jets projected at a single steel encapsulated fuel,<ref>A. A. Giardini and J. E. Tydings(1962)"[http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM47/AM47_1393.pdf Diamond Synthesis: Observations On The Mechanism of Formation]"</ref> such as hydrogen. The fuels used in these devices, along with the secondary combustion reactions and long blast impulse, produce similar conditions to those encountered in fuel-air and [[thermobaric]] explosives.<ref>Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (2004) "[https://www.llnl.gov/str/JulAug04/pdfs/07_04.2.pdf Going To Extremes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207161555/https://www.llnl.gov/str/JulAug04/pdfs/07_04.2.pdf |date=2008-12-07}}"</ref><ref>[[Raymond Jeanloz]], Peter M. Celliers, Gilbert W.Collins, Jon H. Eggert, Kanani K.M. Lee, R. Stewart McWilliams, Stephanie Brygoo and Paul Loubeyre (2007) [http://www.pnas.org/content/104/22/9172.full.pdf Achieving high-density states through shock-wave loading of precompressed samples]"</ref><ref>F. Winterberg "[https://arxiv.org/abs/0802.3408 Conjectured Metastable Super-Explosives formed under High Pressure for Thermonuclear Ignition]"</ref><ref>Young K. Bae (2008)" [https://arxiv.org/abs/0805.0340 Metastable Innershell Molecular State (MIMS)]"</ref>