Editing Satanism (section)

=== Occult ===

[[File:Baphomet by Éliphas Lévi.jpg|thumb|The Sabbatic Goat, also known as the Goat of Mendes or [[Baphomet]], as illustrated by [[Éliphas Lévi]], has become one of the most common symbols of Satanism.{{sfn|Petersen|2005|pages=444–446}}]]
In 17th-century Sweden, a number of highway robbers and other outlaws living in the forests informed judges that they venerated Satan because he provided more practical assistance than Jehovah,{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|pp=44–45}} practices now regarded as "folkloric Satanism".{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|p=44}}

The figure of "Lucifer" was taken up by the French [[ceremonial magic]]ian [[Éliphas Lévi]] (1810–1875), who shocked convention by turning the traditional figure of evil into a brave rebel against tyranny.<ref name=JPLS2023:chpt.1-Invention/> Lévi has been described as a "Romantic Satanist",{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|p=107}}{{sfn|Dyrendal|Lewis|Petersen|2016|p=37}} a [[Romanticism|Romantic]] literary movement that formed no organizations and did not worship Satan, but did make a crucial break away from the traditional Christian figure of the "Lord of Darkness" doomed to failure and punishment for his wickedness.<ref name=JPLS2023:sect.1-Invention/> They reimagined Satan as an enemy of God the powerful, but not of the weak and mortal human race. In other words, a figure humans could sympathize with.<ref name=JPLS2023:sect.1-Invention/>
As Lévi moved toward political conservatism in later life, he retained the use of the term, but instead applied it to what he believed was a morally neutral facet of "the absolute".{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|p=107}}{{sfn|Dyrendal|Lewis|Petersen|2016|p=37}}

Lévi was not the only occultist who used the term ''Lucifer'' without adopting the term ''Satan'' in a similar way.{{sfn|Dyrendal|Lewis|Petersen|2016|p=37}} The early [[Theosophical Society]] believed that "Lucifer" was a force that aided humanity's awakening to its own spiritual nature;{{sfn|Dyrendal|Lewis|Petersen|2016|pp=37–38}} the Society began publishing the [[Lucifer (magazine)|journal ''Lucifer'']] in 1887.{{sfn|Dyrendal|Lewis|Petersen|2016|p=38}}

The first person to promote an explicitly "Satanic" philosophy was the Polish writer [[Stanisław Przybyszewski]] (1868–1927), a "[[Bohemianism|decadent Bohemian]]" who based his ideology on [[Social Darwinism]] of the 1890s,{{sfn|Dyrendal|Lewis|Petersen|2016|p=36}} publishing ''[[The Synagogue of Satan]]'' in 1897.<ref name=JPLS2023:sect.3-Esotericism/>

Danish occultist [[Carl William Hansen]] (1872–1936), who used the pen name Ben Kadosh, listed "Luciferian" as his religious affiliation in answer to the Danish national census (his wife and children were listed as Lutheran),{{sfn|Dyrendal|Lewis|Petersen|2016|p=38}} making him among the earliest "self-declared Satanists".<ref name=JPLS2023:sect.3-Esotericism/> 
Hansen sought to spread a cult of Satan/Lucifer,<ref name=JPLS2023:sect.3-Esotericism/> and was involved in a variety of esoteric groups, including [[Martinism]], [[Freemasonry]], and [[Ordo Templi Orientis]], drawing on their ideas to establish his own philosophy.{{sfn|Dyrendal|Lewis|Petersen|2016|p=38}} He provided a Luciferian interpretation of Freemasonry in a 1906 pamphlet, although his work had little influence outside of Denmark.{{sfn|Dyrendal|Lewis|Petersen|2016|p=39}}{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|p=227}}

Throughout his life British occultist [[Aleister Crowley]] (1875–1947) was widely described as a Satanist, usually by detractors.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lk8_ARNz-dYC&dq=%22the+first+satanist%22&pg=PA641 |title=The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions – Google Books |date= March 2001|isbn=9781615927388 |accessdate=2022-09-14|last1=Lewis |first1=James R. |publisher=Prometheus Books |ref=none}}</ref> Crowley did not consider himself a Satanist, nor did he worship Satan, as he did not accept the Christian world view in which Satan was believed to exist.{{sfnm|1a1=Hutton|1y=1999|1p=175 |2a1=Dyrendal|2y=2012|2pp=369–370}} He nevertheless used imagery considered satanic, for instance, describing himself as "the Beast 666" and referring to the [[Whore of Babylon]] in his work, sending "[[Christmas cards|Antichristmas cards]]" to his friends later in life.{{sfn|Hutton|1999|p=175}} Crowley "in many ways embodies the pre-Satanist esoteric discourse on Satan and Satanism through his lifestyle and his philosophy", with his "image and thought" becoming an "important influence" on the later development of religious Satanism.{{sfn|Dyrendal|Lewis|Petersen|2016|p=39}} Both Crowley and [[Anton LaVey|LaVey]] "cultivated a sinister public image and sported shaved heads".

In 1928, the [[Fraternitas Saturni]] (FS) was established in Germany; its founder, [[Eugen Grosche]], published ''Satanische Magie'' ("Satanic Magic") that same year.{{sfn|Dyrendal|Lewis|Petersen|2016|p=42}} The group connected Satan to [[Saturn]], claiming that the planet related to the Sun in the same manner that Lucifer relates to the human world.{{sfn|Dyrendal|Lewis|Petersen|2016|p=42}}

[[Maria de Naglowska]], a Russian occultist who had fled to France following the [[Russian Revolution]], established the esoteric group Brotherhood of the Golden Arrow in Paris in 1932.{{sfn|Medway|2001|p=18}}{{sfn|Dyrendal|Lewis|Petersen|2016|pp=43–44}} She promoted a theology centered on what she called the Third Term of the Trinity consisting of Father, Son, and Sex, the last of which she deemed to be most important.{{sfn|Medway|2001|p=18}} Her early disciples, who underwent what she called "Satanic Initiations", included models and art students recruited from [[bohemianism|bohemian]] circles.{{sfn|Medway|2001|p=18}} The Golden Arrow disbanded after Naglowska abandoned it in 1936.{{sfn|Dyrendal|Lewis|Petersen|2016|p=45}} Hers was "a quite complicated Satanism, built on a complex philosophical vision of the world, of which little would survive its initiator".{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|p=277}}

Herbert Sloane claims [[Our Lady of Endor Coven]], a Satanic group based in [[Toledo, Ohio]], was founded in 1948. Describing his Satanic tradition as the Ophite Cultus Sathanas, the group first came to public attention in 1969.{{sfn|Dyrendal|Lewis|Petersen|2016|pp=49–50}}{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|p=278}} The group had a Gnostic doctrine about the world, in which the Judeo-Christian creator god is regarded as evil, and the [[serpents in the Bible|Biblical serpent]] is presented as a force for good, who had delivered salvation to humanity in the [[Garden of Eden]].{{sfn|Dyrendal|Lewis|Petersen|2016|pp=49–50}}{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|p=280}} Sloane's claim of a 1940s origin remain unproven: potentially fabricated to make his group appear older than the (1966) establishment of the Church of Satan.{{sfn|Dyrendal|Lewis|Petersen|2016|p=50}}{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|p=278}}