Editing Rudyard Kipling (section)

==First World War (1914–1918)==
At the beginning of the First World War, like many other writers, Kipling wrote pamphlets and poems enthusiastically supporting the UK war aims of restoring Belgium, after it had been [[German occupation of Belgium during World War I|occupied by Germany]], together with generalised statements that Britain was standing up for the cause of good. In September 1914, Kipling was asked by the government to write [[British propaganda during World War I|propaganda]], an offer that he accepted.<ref name="Bilsing 2000">{{cite web |last=Bilsing |first=Tracey |title=The Process of Manufacture of Rudyard Kipling's Private Propaganda |publisher=War Literature and the Arts |date=Summer 2000 |url=http://www.wlajournal.com/12_1/Bilsing.pdf |access-date=15 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402195831/http://www.wlajournal.com/12_1/Bilsing.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2015 }}</ref> Kipling's pamphlets and stories were popular with the British people during the war, his major themes being to glorify the British military as ''the'' place for heroic men to be, while citing German atrocities against Belgian civilians and the stories of women brutalised by a horrific war unleashed by Germany, yet surviving and triumphing in spite of their suffering.<ref name="Bilsing 2000" />

Kipling was enraged by reports of the [[Rape of Belgium]] together with [[sinking of the RMS Lusitania|the sinking]] of the {{RMS|Lusitania|}} in 1915, which he saw as a deeply inhumane act, which led him to see the war as a crusade for civilisation against barbarism.<ref name="Gilmour, David page 250">[[#Gilmour|Gilmour]], p. 250.</ref> In a 1915 speech, Kipling declared, "There was no crime, no cruelty, no abomination that the mind of men can conceive of which the German has not perpetrated, is not perpetrating, and will not perpetrate if he is allowed to go on... Today, there are only two divisions in the world... human beings and Germans."<ref name="Gilmour, David page 250" />

Alongside his passionate [[Anti-German sentiment|antipathy towards Germany]], Kipling was privately deeply critical of how the war was being fought by the [[British Army]]. Shocked by the heavy losses that the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War I)|British Expeditionary Force]] had taken by the autumn of 1914, he blamed the entire pre-war generation of British politicians who, Kipling argued, had failed to learn the lessons of the [[Second Boer War|Boer War]]. Thus thousands of British soldiers were now paying with their lives for their failure in the fields of France and Belgium.<ref name="Gilmour, David page 251">[[#Gilmour|Gilmour]], p. 251.</ref>

Kipling had scorn for men who shirked duty in the First World War. In "The New Army in Training"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/newarmyintrainin00kiplrich/newarmyintrainin00kiplrich_djvu.txt |title=Full text of 'The new army in training' |work=archive.org|year=1915 }}</ref> (1915), Kipling concluded by saying:
<blockquote>This much we can realise, even though we are so close to it, the old safe instinct saves us from triumph and exultation. But what will be the position in years to come of the young man who has deliberately elected to outcaste himself from this all-embracing brotherhood? What of his family, and, above all, what of his descendants, when the books have been closed and the last balance struck of sacrifice and sorrow in every hamlet, village, parish, suburb, city, shire, district, province, and Dominion throughout the Empire?</blockquote>

In 1914, Kipling was one of 53 leading British authors{{snd}}a number that included [[H. G. Wells]], [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] and [[Thomas Hardy]]{{snd}}who signed their names to the "Authors' Declaration." This manifesto declared that the German invasion of Belgium had been a brutal crime, and that Britain "could not without dishonour have refused to take part in the present war."<ref>{{cite news |title=1914 Authors' Manifesto Defending Britain's Involvement in WWI, Signed by H. G. Wells and Arthur Conan Doyle |url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2014/10/british-authors-and-wwi-propaganda-manifesto-signed-by-h-g-wells-arthur-conan-doyle-rudyard-kipling.html |access-date=27 February 2020 |work=Slate |archive-date=27 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227070407/https://slate.com/human-interest/2014/10/british-authors-and-wwi-propaganda-manifesto-signed-by-h-g-wells-arthur-conan-doyle-rudyard-kipling.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Death of John Kipling ===
[[File:My Boy Jack John Kipling.jpg|thumb|upright|2nd Lt John Kipling]]
[[File:Memorial to John Kipling at Burwash Church - geograph.org.uk - 1573481.jpg|thumb|upright|Memorial to 2nd Lt John Kipling in [[Burwash]] Parish Church, Sussex, England]]

Kipling's only son [[John Kipling|John]] was killed in action at the [[Battle of Loos]] in September 1915, at age 18. John initially wanted to join the Royal Navy, but having had his application turned down after a failed medical examination due to poor eyesight, he opted to apply for military service as an army officer. Again, his eyesight was an issue during the medical examination. In fact, he tried twice to enlist, but was rejected. His father had been lifelong friends with [[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts|Lord Roberts]], former commander-in-chief of the British Army, and colonel of the [[Irish Guards]], and at Rudyard's request, John was accepted into the Irish Guards.<ref name="Bilsing 2000" />

John Kipling was sent to Loos two days into the battle in a reinforcement contingent. He was last seen stumbling through the mud blindly, with a possible facial injury. A body identified as his was found in 1992, although that identification has been challenged.<ref name="John">{{cite news |last1=Brown |first1=Jonathan |title=The Great War and its aftermath: The son who haunted Kipling |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/the-great-war-and-its-aftermath-the-son-who-haunted-kipling-413795.html |access-date=3 May 2018 |work=The Independent |date=28 August 2006 |quote=It was only his father's intervention that allowed John Kipling to serve on the Western Front – and the poet never got over his death. |archive-date=3 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503182230/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/the-great-war-and-its-aftermath-the-son-who-haunted-kipling-413795.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Quinlan |first1=Mark |title=The controversy over John Kipling's burial place |url=https://ukniwm.wordpress.com/2007/12/11/the-controversy-over-john-kiplings-burial-place/ |website=War Memorials Archive Blog |access-date=3 May 2018 |date=11 December 2007 |archive-date=18 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918194146/https://ukniwm.wordpress.com/2007/12/11/the-controversy-over-john-kiplings-burial-place/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Solving the mystery of Rudyard Kipling's son |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-35321716 |work=BBC News Magazine |access-date=3 May 2018 |date=18 January 2016 |archive-date=20 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420023628/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-35321716 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, the [[Commonwealth War Grave Commission]] confirmed that it had correctly identified the burial place of John Kipling;<ref>{{cite news |last1=McGreevy |first1=Ronan |title=Grave of Rudyard Kipling's son correctly named, says authority |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/grave-of-rudyard-kipling-s-son-correctly-named-says-authority-1.2366673 |access-date=3 May 2018 |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=25 September 2015 |archive-date=3 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503180620/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/grave-of-rudyard-kipling-s-son-correctly-named-says-authority-1.2366673 |url-status=live }}</ref> they record his date of death as 27 September 1915, and that he is buried at St Mary's A.D.S. Cemetery, [[Haisnes]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Casualty record: Lieutenant Kipling, John |url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/3078953/kipling,-john/ |publisher=[[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] |access-date=3 May 2018 |archive-date=4 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504010850/https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/3078953/kipling,-john/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

After his son's death, in a poem titled "[https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/57409/epitaphs-of-the-war Epitaphs of the War]", Kipling wrote "If any question why we died / Tell them, because our fathers lied." Critics have speculated that these words may express Kipling's guilt over his role in arranging John's commission.<ref>Webb, George (1997). Foreword to: Kipling, Rudyard. ''The Irish Guards in the Great War''. 2 vols. Spellmount. p. 9.</ref> Professor Tracy Bilsing contends that the line refers to Kipling's disgust that British leaders failed to learn the lessons of the Boer War, and were unprepared for the struggle with Germany in 1914, with the "lie" of the "fathers" being that the British Army was prepared for any war when it was not.<ref name="Bilsing 2000"/>

John's death has been linked to Kipling's 1916 poem "[[My Boy Jack (poem)|My Boy Jack]]", notably in the play ''[[My Boy Jack (play)|My Boy Jack]]'' and its subsequent [[My Boy Jack (film)|television adaptation]], along with the documentary ''[[Rudyard Kipling: A Remembrance Tale]]''. However, the poem was originally published at the head of a story about the [[Battle of Jutland]] and appears to refer to a death at sea; the "Jack" referred to may be the boy VC [[Jack Cornwell]], or perhaps a generic "[[Jack Tar]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kipling.org.uk/rg_jack1.htm|title=Notes on "My Boy Jack"|last=Southam|first=Brian|date=6 March 2010|access-date=23 July 2011|archive-date=14 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114033829/http://www.kipling.org.uk/rg_jack1.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the Kipling family, Jack was the name of the family dog, while John Kipling was always John, making the identification of the protagonist of "My Boy Jack" with John Kipling questionable. However, Kipling was indeed emotionally devastated by the death of his son. He is said to have assuaged his grief by reading the novels of [[Jane Austen]] aloud to his wife and daughter.<ref>"The Many Lovers of Miss Jane Austen", BBC2 broadcast, 9&nbsp;pm 23 December 2011</ref> During the war, he wrote a booklet ''[[The Fringes of the Fleet]]''<ref>''The Fringes of the Fleet'', Macmillan & Co., 1916.</ref> containing essays and poems on various nautical subjects of the war. Some of these were set to music by the English composer [[Edward Elgar]].<ref name="BritishLibrary">{{cite web|url=https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/fringes-of-fleet|title='Fringes of the Fleet' by Edward Elgar and Rudyard Kipling|publisher=[[Kurt Enoch|Enoch and Sons]]|last1=Elgar|first1=Edward|last2=Kipling|first2=Rudyard|access-date=7 October 2021|archive-date=7 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007202556/https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/fringes-of-fleet|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Kipling became friends with a French soldier named Maurice Hammoneau, whose life had been saved in the First World War when his copy of ''Kim'', which he had in his left breast pocket, stopped a bullet. Hammoneau presented Kipling with the book, with bullet still embedded, and his [[Croix de Guerre]] as a token of gratitude. They continued to correspond, and when Hammoneau had a son, Kipling insisted on returning the book and medal.<ref>Original correspondence between Kipling and Maurice Hammoneau and his son Jean Hammoneau concerning the affair at the Library of Congress under the title: ''How "Kim" saved the life of a French soldier: a remarkable series of autograph letters of Rudyard Kipling, with the soldier's Croix de Guerre, 1918–1933''. {{LCCN|2007566938}}. The library also possesses the actual French 389-page paperback edition of ''Kim'' that saved Hammoneau's life, {{LCCN|2007581430}}.</ref>

On 1 August 1918, the poem "The Old Volunteer" appeared under his name in ''[[The Times]]''. The next day, he wrote to the newspaper to disclaim authorship and a correction appeared. Although ''The Times'' employed a private detective to investigate, the detective appears to have suspected Kipling of being the author, and the identity of the hoaxer was never established.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://greatwarfiction.wordpress.com/2007/08/23/a-kipling-hoax/ |date=27 May 1918 |work=The Times |title=A Kipling Hoax |author=Simmers, George |access-date=17 February 2013 |archive-date=3 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303171721/http://greatwarfiction.wordpress.com/2007/08/23/a-kipling-hoax/ |url-status=live }}</ref>