Editing Rosa Parks (section)

==Legacy and honors==
[[File:Rosa Parks statue NSHC.jpg|thumb|''[[Rosa Parks (National Statuary Hall)|Rosa Parks]]'' statue by [[Eugene Daub]] (2013), in [[National Statuary Hall]], United States Capitol]]
===Awards===
Parks received numerous awards as a result of her contributions to the civil rights movement. The SCLC established the Rosa Parks Freedom Award in 1963, though Parks herself did not receive it until 1972.{{sfnm|1a1=Theoharis|1y=2015|1p=159|2a1=Mace|2y=2021|2p=154}} In 1965, she received the "Dignity Overdue" award from the Afro-American Broadcasting Company and was honored at a ceremony held at the [[Ford Auditorium]] in Detroit.{{sfn|Theoharis|2015|p=211}} The Capitol Press Club presented her with the Martin Luther King Jr. Award in 1968.{{sfn|Theoharis|2015|p=219}} In 1979, the NAACP awarded her the [[Spingarn Medal]], citing her "quiet courage and determination" in refusing to relinquish her seat.{{sfn|Mace|2021|p=154}} The NAACP further recognized her with their own Martin Luther King Jr. Award in 1980.{{sfn|Hanson|2011|p=xxiii}} In 1983, she was inducted into the [[Michigan Women's Hall of Fame]].{{sfn|Hanson|2011|p=xxiii}} She also received the [[Candace Award]] in 1984 from the [[National Coalition of 100 Black Women]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Candace Award Recipients 1982-1990 |url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award3.html |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |access-date=March 22, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314213306/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award3.html |archive-date=March 14, 2003 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1992, Parks received the Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award.{{sfn|Hanson|2011|p=xxiii}} She was inducted into the [[National Women's Hall of Fame]] in 1993, with her statue being displayed in the National Statuary Hall.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rosa Parks |url=https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/rosa-parks/ |website=National Women's Hall of Fame |access-date=March 22, 2025}}</ref> She received the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]], the highest award a civilian can receive from the [[Federal government of the United States#Executive branch|United States executive branch]], from Bill Clinton in 1996.{{sfn|Theoharis|2015|p=239}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Presidential Medal of Freedom |url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibitions/rosa-parks-in-her-own-words/about-this-exhibition/a-life-of-global-impact/presidential-medal-of-freedom/?loclr=blogfam |website=Library of Congress |access-date=March 22, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021545/https://www.loc.gov/exhibitions/rosa-parks-in-her-own-words/about-this-exhibition/a-life-of-global-impact/presidential-medal-of-freedom/?loclr=blogfam |archive-date=March 22, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> Later, in 1999, Parks was awarded the [[Congressional Gold Medal]] with unanimous Senate approval despite opposition in the House from Representative [[Ron Paul]].{{sfn|Theoharis|2015|p=239}} Also in 1999, she was honored with the [[Windsor–Detroit International Freedom Festival]] Freedom Award, and ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' named her one of the 20 most influential figures of the 20th century. In 2000, Parks received both the Alabama Governor's Medal of Honor and the Alabama Academy Award. In 2003, she received the International Institute Heritage Hall of Fame Award.{{sfn|Hanson|2011|p=xxiv}}

===Memorialization===
[[File:Rosa parks bus.jpg|thumb|The No. 2857 bus on which Parks was riding before her arrest (a [[GM "old-look" transit bus]], serial number 1132) is now a museum exhibit at the [[Henry Ford Museum]]]]
Many locations and institutions have been named in honor of Parks. At the behest of her friend Louise Tappes, Detroit's 12th street was renamed "Rosa Parks Boulevard".{{refn|group=lower-alpha|According to Theoharis, this happened in 1969.{{sfn|Theoharis|2015|p=199}} However, according to Mace, it happened in 1976.{{sfn|Mace|2021|p=153}}}}{{sfn|Mace|2021|p=153}} A bronze sculpture of Parks was displayed at the [[National Portrait Gallery (United States)|National Portrait Gallery]] in 1991.{{sfn|Hanson|2011|pp=157-158}} Michigan designated February 4 as Rosa Parks Day in 1997.{{sfn|Hanson|2011|p=xxiii}} In 2000, at the cost of $10 million, [[Troy University]] opened the Rosa Parks Library and Museum at the site of Parks's arrest. Parks's [[Cleveland Court Apartments 620–638|apartment]] in Montgomery was placed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 2002. The bus on which Parks refused to move was restored with funding from the [[Save America's Treasures]] program and placed on display at [[The Henry Ford]] museum in 2003.{{sfn|Hanson|2011|pp=157-158}}

After Parks's death in 2005, President Bush signed H.R. 4145, which authorized a statue of Parks to be placed in the [[National Statuary Hall]] at the [[United States Capitol]].{{sfnm|1a1=Theoharis|1y=2015|1p=viii|2a1=Richardson|2y=2021|2pp=125-126}} Parks was the first Black American to receive this honor. After a competition including entries from 150 artists, a statue sculpted by [[Eugene Daub]] and Rob Firmin, which depicted Parks on the day of her arrest, was selected to be placed in the hall.{{sfn|Richardson|2021|pp=126-127}} The statue was unveiled in 2013, with Obama and House Speaker [[John Boehner]] in attendance.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gamboa |first1=Suzanne |title=Rosa Parks statue unveiled at Capitol |url=https://apnews.com/united-states-congress-united-states-government-daf619ec93b44462b2d1ca81e45ee03e |website=The Associated Press |access-date=March 22, 2025 |date=2013}}</ref>

In 2006, [[Nassau County, New York]] County Executive [[Tom Suozzi]], announced that the Hempstead Transit Center would be renamed the [[Rosa Parks Hempstead Transit Center]] in Parks's honor.<ref>{{cite web |title=New York: Hempstead: Transit Center Named For Rosa Parks |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/16/nyregion/metro-briefing-new-york-hempstead-transit-center-named-for-rosa.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=March 22, 2025 |date=February 16, 2006}}</ref> The Portland Boulevard station of the [[Los Angeles County]] [[Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority|MetroRail]] system was also officially named [[Willowbrook/Rosa Parks station|Rosa Parks Station]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |title=TriMet MAX station name honors Rosa Parks |url=http://www.portlandtribune.com/news/story.php?story_id=123370481045853000 |website=Portland Tribune |access-date=March 22, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608040759/http://www.portlandtribune.com/news/story.php?story_id=123370481045853000 |archive-date=June 8, 2011 |date=February 3, 2009}}</ref> Also in 2009, the [[Rosa Parks Transit Center]] opened in downtown Detroit at the intersection of Cass and Michigan avenues.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shea |first1=Bill |title=Detroit's Rosa Parks Transit Center opens Tuesday |url=https://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20090709/FREE/907099997/detroit-s-rosa-parks-transit-center-opens-tuesday |website=Crain's Detroit Business |access-date=March 22, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622070532/https://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20090709/FREE/907099997/detroit-s-rosa-parks-transit-center-opens-tuesday |archive-date=June 22, 2021 |date=July 9, 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The asteroid [[284996 Rosaparks]], discovered in 2010 by the [[Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer]], was named in Parks's memory.<ref>{{cite web |title=(284996) Rosaparks = 2010 LD58 |url=https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=284996 |website=Minor Planet Center |access-date=March 22, 2025}}</ref>

On February 1, Obama proclaimed February 4, 2013, as the "100th Anniversary of the Birth of Rosa Parks", calling "upon all Americans to observe this day with appropriate service, community, and education programs to honor Rosa Parks's enduring legacy".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Slack |first1=Donovan |title=Obama honors Rosa Parks |url=https://www.politico.com/blogs/politico44/2013/02/obama-honors-rosa-parks-155914 |website=Politico |access-date=March 22, 2025 |date=February 1, 2013}}</ref> The Henry Ford museum designated February 4, 2013, as a "National Day of Courage".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lacy |first1=Eric |title=Rosa Parks' 100th birthday to be honored at The Henry Ford as part of Black History Month |url=https://www.mlive.com/entertainment/detroit/2013/02/rosa_parks_100th_birthday_to_b.html |website=MLive |access-date=March 22, 2025 |date=February 4, 2013}}</ref> Also on February 4, the [[United States Postal Service]] unveiled a postage stamp in Parks's honor.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rosa Parks stamp unveiled for late civil rights icon's 100th birthday |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rosa-parks-stamp-unveiled-for-late-civil-rights-icons-100th-birthday/ |website=CBS |access-date=March 22, 2025 |date=February 4, 2013}}</ref>

In 2014, a statue of Parks was dedicated at the Essex Government Complex in [[Newark, New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mazzola |first1=Jessica |title=Newark home to state's first Rosa Parks statue, officials say |url=https://www.nj.com/essex/2014/10/newark_home_to_states_first_rosa_parks_statue_officials_say.html |website=NJ.com |access-date=March 22, 2025 |date=October 2, 2014}}</ref> [[Rosa Parks station (Paris)|Rosa Parks station]] opened in [[Paris]], France in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=Paris: Les habitants découvrent leur nouvelle gare Rosa-Parks |trans-title=Paris: Residents discover their new Rosa-Parks station |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/paris-75/paris-75019/paris-les-habitants-decouvrent-leur-nouvelle-gare-rosa-parks-13-12-2015-5367505.php |website=Le Parisien |access-date=March 22, 2025 |language=fr |date=December 13, 2015}}</ref> In 2016, Parks's former residence in Detroit was threatened with demolition. A Berlin-based American artist, Ryan Mendoza, arranged to have the house disassembled, moved to his garden in Germany, and partly restored and converted into a museum honoring Parks.<ref>{{cite web |last1=McGrane |first1=Sally |title=Saved From Demolition, Rosa Parks's House Gets a Second Life |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/02/world/europe/rosa-parks-house-berlin.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=March 22, 2025 |date=May 2, 2017}}</ref> In 2018, the house was moved back to the United States. While [[Brown University]] was initially planning to exhibit the house, the display was cancelled.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Michelle R. |title=Brown University cancels Rosa Parks house display in dispute |url=https://apnews.com/general-news-da8bc52972bd41abbee1be1b1b076723 |website=The Associated Press |access-date=March 22, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519090024/https://apnews.com/general-news-da8bc52972bd41abbee1be1b1b076723 |archive-date=May 19, 2024 |date=March 9, 2018}}</ref> The house was eventually exhibited at the WaterFire Arts Center in [[Providence, Rhode Island]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dunn |first1=Christine |title=WaterFire Arts to display 'Rosa Parks House' |url=https://www.providencejournal.com/story/entertainment/arts/2018/03/28/rosa-parks-house-to-be-on-display-at-waterfire-arts-center-this-weekend/12880983007/ |website=The Providence Journal |access-date=March 23, 2025 |date=March 28, 2018}}</ref> Also in 2018, ''[[Continuing the Conversation]]'', a public sculpture of Parks, was unveiled on the [[Main campus of the Georgia Institute of Technology|main campus]] of [[Georgia Tech]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bentley |first1=Rosalind |title=Rosa Parks statue to be unveiled at Georgia Tech on April 5 |url=https://www.ajc.com/news/local/rosa-parks-statue-unveiled-georgia-tech-april/eJzb5EXtdbq6fuxFi42I2L/ |website=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution |access-date=March 23, 2025 |date=2018}}</ref> Another statue of Parks was unveiled in Montgomery in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alabama unveils statue of civil rights icon Rosa Parks |url=https://richmondfreepress.com/news/2019/dec/06/alabama-unveils-statue-civil-rights-icon-rosa-park/ |website=Richmond Free Press |access-date=March 23, 2025 |date=December 6, 2019}}</ref> In 2021, a bust of Rosa Parks was added to the [[Oval Office]] when [[Joe Biden]] began his presidency.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biden's new-look Oval Office is a nod to past US leadership |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55750527 |website=BBC |access-date=March 23, 2025 |date=January 21, 2021}}</ref> A statue of Parks was approved for the [[Alabama State Capitol]] grounds in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rocha |first1=Alexander |title=Rosa Parks statue for Alabama State Capitol grounds gets final approval |url=https://alabamareflector.com/2023/12/11/rosa-parks-statue-approved-for-alabama-state-capitol-grounds/ |website=Alabama Reflector |access-date=March 23, 2025 |date=December 11, 2023}}</ref>

===Historiography===
Many popular narratives surrounding Parks portray her as a heroine, with Senate Majority Leader [[Bill Frist]] claiming that Parks's refusal to move was "not an intentional attempt to change a nation, but a singular act aimed at restoring the dignity of the individual".{{sfn|Theoharis|2015|pp=vii-ix}} Writing in the ''[[Florida State University Law Review]]'', civil rights advocate [[A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.]] describes Parks as a "heroine" who exemplified both "raw courage" and "genteelness".{{sfn|Higginbotham Jr.|1995|p=901}} Academic Kenan İli characterizes Parks as an "icon of leadership", emphasizing her "quiet strength" and "feminine dignity". He argues that Parks's actions, driven by "values and integrity", served as a powerful catalyst for change, inspiring both a city and a nation to confront their systemic injustices.{{sfn|İli|2016|pp=91-92}}

Theoharis, in her 2015 biography ''The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks'', argues that the popular narrative of Rosa Parks as a "quiet" and "accidental" figure in the civil rights movement obscures her lifelong radical activism and political philosophy, as well as the "variety of struggles" that she took part in. She describes the "quiet" portrayal of Parks as a "gendered caricature", contending that interviewers misinterpreted her words in an attempt to form their own narratives around Parks.{{sfn|Theoharis|2015|pp=viii-xi}} Academic Riché Richardson similarly critiques the "uses, abuses, and appropriations" of Parks's legacy in contemporary political discourse, particularly the ways in which her image has been manipulated to serve various political agendas.{{sfn|Richardson|2021|p=123}}

Academic Dennis Carlson argues that the popular conception of Rosa Parks transforms her into a "monumentalist hero", a figure used to reinforce conservative narratives of American history and morality. According to Carlson, this portrayal isolates her act of defiance, framing it as an individual, legally-focused moment of courage that both ignited and calmed a potentially violent Black community.{{sfn|Carlson|2003|pp=47-49}} Biographer Darryl Mace speculates that Parks's passive and quiet public image was shaped both by the gendered norms of the 1950s and the male-dominated leadership of the civil rights movement. He contends that Parks was relegated to gendered roles in the movement, and that her refusal to move was framed within a narrative of female vulnerability.{{sfn|Mace|2021|pp=160-162}}

Scholars have also examined Parks's actions in relation to other, earlier instances of civil disobedience. Sociologist [[Barry Schwartz (sociologist)|Barry Schwartz]] posits that while Parks became the celebrated symbol of the Montgomery Bus Boycott, many other individuals—including Browder, Colvin, Smith, and McDonald—played equally important and even more active roles in the struggle against segregation.{{sfn|Schwartz|2009|pp=128-130}} Colvin herself felt a mix of emotions regarding Parks, glad that an adult had "stood up to the system" but also a feeling a sense of abandonment because the community had not supported her similar actions months prior.{{refn|group=lower-alpha|While Colvin initially received support from the local NAACP, some community leaders saw her as "feisty", "uncontrollable", and not of the "right social standing". They did not pursue her case, and her later pregnancy further distanced her from the organization.{{sfn|Theoharis|2015|pp=57–58}}}}{{sfn|Theoharis|2015|p=78}} Browder's son maintained that Parks's prominence had overshadowed his mother's contributions, leaving her role largely unrecognized.{{sfn|Schwartz|2009|p=138}} Schwartz argues that accounts emphasizing the exceptional nature of Parks's refusal to move necessarily simplify the civil rights movement, creating a more accessible and symbolically compelling narrative.{{sfn|Schwartz|2009|p=135}}

===Gallery===
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Rosa Parks medal.gif|The Rosa Parks [[Congressional Gold Medal]]
File:President Bill Clinton presents Rosa Parks with the Presidential Medal of Freedom in the Oval Office.jpg|Parks and President [[Bill Clinton]]
File:Rosa Parks Transit Center Detroit Michigan.JPG|[[Rosa Parks Transit Center]] in [[Detroit]]
File:Barack Obama in the Rosa Parks bus.jpg|[[Barack Obama|President Barack Obama]] sitting on the bus, in the same row but on the opposite side from where Parks sat and refused to move.
File:Rosa Parks' Bus Stop.jpg|A plaque entitled "The Bus Stop" at Dexter Avenue and Montgomery Street – where Parks boarded the bus – pays tribute to her and the success of the Montgomery bus boycott
File:Gare Rosa Parks Paris 24.jpg|[[Gare Rosa-Parks|Rosa Parks Railway Station]] in [[Paris]]
</gallery>