Editing Rome (section)

===Climate===
{{Main|Climate of Rome}}
[[File:Doria Pamphili 6376.jpg|thumb|left|[[Stone pine]]s in the [[Villa Doria Pamphili]]]]

Rome has a [[hot-summer Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Csa''),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/ |title=World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906034159/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/ |archive-date=6 September 2010}}</ref> with hot, dry summers and mild, humid winters.

Its average annual temperature is above {{cvt|21|°C|°F}} during the day and {{cvt|9|°C|°F}} at night. In the coldest month, January, the average temperature is {{cvt|12.6|°C|°F}} during the day and {{cvt|2.1|°C|°F}} at night. In the warmest month, August, the average temperature is {{cvt|31.7|°C|°F}} during the day and {{cvt|17.3|°C|°F}} at night.

December, January and February are the coldest months, with a daily mean temperature of approximately {{cvt|8|°C|°F}}. Temperatures during these months generally vary between {{cvt|10|and|15|C|F}} during the day and between {{cvt|3|and|5|C|F}} at night, with colder or warmer spells occurring frequently. Snowfall is rare but not unheard of, with light snow or flurries occurring on some winters, generally without accumulation, and major snowfalls on a very rare occurrence (the most recent ones were in 2018, 2012 and 1986).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.meteo-net.it/articoli/storiconeve.aspx |title=Storia della neve a Roma |access-date=2 October 2014 |archive-date=27 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727130551/http://www.meteo-net.it/articoli/storiconeve.aspx}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Snow startles Rome on Europe's coldest day of the winter |website=The Mercury News |date=26 February 2018 |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/02/26/europe-snow-rome-coldest-winter-top-wire/ |access-date=22 August 2019 |archive-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328215424/https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/02/26/europe-snow-rome-coldest-winter-top-wire/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Roma, tutte le nevicate storiche in città dal '56 ad oggi |website=Corriere della sera |date=26 February 2018 |url=https://roma.corriere.it/cronaca/cards/roma-tutte-nevicate-storiche-citta-56-ad-oggi/grande-nevicata-56-piazza-san-pietro.shtml |access-date=13 July 2020 |archive-date=16 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716094826/https://roma.corriere.it/cronaca/cards/roma-tutte-nevicate-storiche-citta-56-ad-oggi/grande-nevicata-56-piazza-san-pietro.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref>

The average [[relative humidity]] is 75%, varying from 72% in July to 77% in November. Sea temperatures vary from a low of {{cvt|13.9|°C|°F}} in February to a high of {{cvt|25.0|°C|°F}} in August.<ref name="seatemperature.org2">[http://www.seatemperature.org/europe/italy/tor-san-lorenzo-december.htm Monthly Tor San Lorenzo water temperature chart] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713181229/https://www.seatemperature.org/europe/italy/tor-san-lorenzo-december.htm |date=13 July 2020 }}, seatemperature.org.</ref>

The highest temperature ever recorded in Rome was {{cvt|42.9|°C|°F}} on 18 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/07/17/europe-heatwave-italy-spain-record-climate/&ved=2ahUKEwjB2IzB-KyAAxWSFlkFHVZvCZcQFnoECAwQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3H2fe2kXpuftb6XNNcXZqg|title=Southern Europe soars to record temperatures as heat wave peaks|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|first=Ian|last=Livingston|date=17 July 2023}}</ref>

{{Weather box
| location = [[Rome Ciampino Airport]], elevation: {{convert|129|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1944–present
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 20.8
| Feb record high C = 23.0
| Mar record high C = 26.6
| Apr record high C = 30.0
| May record high C = 34.2
| Jun record high C = 39.3
| Jul record high C = 39.7
| Aug record high C = 40.6
| Sep record high C = 40.0
| Oct record high C = 32.0
| Nov record high C = 26.1
| Dec record high C = 21.2
| year record high C = 40.6
| Jan high C = 12.0
| Feb high C = 13.0
| Mar high C = 15.8
| Apr high C = 18.8
| May high C = 22.3
| Jun high C = 28.1
| Jul high C = 31.0
| Aug high C = 31.6
| Sep high C = 26.7
| Oct high C = 22.2
| Nov high C = 16.9
| Dec high C = 12.7
| year high C = 21.0
| Jan mean C = 7.5
| Feb mean C = 8.0
| Mar mean C = 10.7
| Apr mean C = 13.6
| May mean C = 18.0
| Jun mean C = 22.5
| Jul mean C = 25.1
| Aug mean C = 25.4
| Sep mean C = 21.0
| Oct mean C = 17.0
| Nov mean C = 12.4
| Dec mean C = 8.5
| year mean C = 15.8
| Jan low C = 3.4
| Feb low C = 3.4
| Mar low C = 5.9
| Apr low C = 8.6
| May low C = 12.6
| Jun low C = 16.7
| Jul low C = 19.3
| Aug low C = 19.8
| Sep low C = 16.0
| Oct low C = 12.4
| Nov low C = 8.5
| Dec low C = 4.7
| year low C = 10.9
| Jan record low C = -11.0
| Feb record low C = -6.9
| Mar record low C = -6.5
| Apr record low C = -2.4
| May record low C = 1.8
| Jun record low C = 5.6
| Jul record low C = 9.1
| Aug record low C = 9.3
| Sep record low C = 4.3
| Oct record low C = 0.8
| Nov record low C = -5.2
| Dec record low C = -6.6
| year record low C = -11.0
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 65.6
| Feb precipitation mm = 62.8
| Mar precipitation mm = 58.6
| Apr precipitation mm = 68.6
| May precipitation mm = 56.9
| Jun precipitation mm = 30.1
| Jul precipitation mm = 19.8
| Aug precipitation mm = 30.2
| Sep precipitation mm = 64.9
| Oct precipitation mm = 88.1
| Nov precipitation mm = 108.2
| Dec precipitation mm = 98.3
| year precipitation mm = 752.0
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 7.40
| Feb precipitation days = 7.48
| Mar precipitation days = 6.85
| Apr precipitation days = 7.42
| May precipitation days = 5.54
| Jun precipitation days = 3.38
| Jul precipitation days = 2.16
| Aug precipitation days = 2.20
| Sep precipitation days = 6.00
| Oct precipitation days = 7.32
| Nov precipitation days = 8.84
| Dec precipitation days = 9.44
| year precipitation days = 74.03
| humidity colour = 
| Jan humidity = 75.8
| Feb humidity = 71.5
| Mar humidity = 70.6
| Apr humidity = 70.4
| May humidity = 69.0
| Jun humidity = 65.4
| Jul humidity = 63.3
| Aug humidity = 64.1
| Sep humidity = 69.1
| Oct humidity = 74.0
| Nov humidity = 77.9
| Dec humidity = 77.2
| year humidity = 70.7
| Jan sun = 155.9
| Feb sun = 171.9
| Mar sun = 203.1
| Apr sun = 221.1
| May sun = 276.5
| Jun sun = 298.8
| Jul sun = 337.6
| Aug sun = 320.2
| Sep sun = 237.9
| Oct sun = 200.6
| Nov sun = 153.3
| Dec sun = 146.9
| year sun = 2723.9
| Jan percentsun = 53
| Feb percentsun = 58
| Mar percentsun = 55
| Apr percentsun = 56
| May percentsun = 61
| Jun percentsun = 65
| Jul percentsun = 73
| Aug percentsun = 75
| Sep percentsun = 63
| Oct percentsun = 58
| Nov percentsun = 51
| Dec percentsun = 51
| year percentsun = 
| Jan dew point C = 3.9
| Feb dew point C = 3.5
| Mar dew point C = 5.8
| Apr dew point C = 8.5
| May dew point C = 12.1
| Jun dew point C = 15.1
| Jul dew point C = 16.9
| Aug dew point C = 17.7
| Sep dew point C = 15.5
| Oct dew point C = 12.9
| Nov dew point C = 9.3
| Dec dew point C = 5.2
| year dew point C = 10.5
| source 1 = NOAA<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web
|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Italy/CSV/RomaCiampino_16239.csv
|title = Monte Cimone Climate Normals 1991-2020
|publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
|access-date = August 31, 2023
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230831035310/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Italy/CSV/RomaCiampino_16239.csv
|archive-date = 2023-08-31}}</ref>
| source 2 = Temperature extreme in Toscana<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/italia/stazioni-wmo/roma-ciampino/
|language = it
|title = Roma Ciampino
|publisher = Temperature estreme in Toscana
|access-date = August 31, 2023
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230831035322/http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/italia/stazioni-wmo/roma-ciampino/
|archive-date = 2023-08-31}}</ref>
| source = 
}}