Editing Rock paper scissors (section)

=== Bacteria ===
Some bacteria also exhibit a rock paper scissors dynamic when they engage in [[antibiotic]] production. The theory for this finding was demonstrated by computer simulation and in the laboratory by Benjamin Kerr, working at [[Stanford University]] with [[Brendan Bohannan]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kerr|first=Benjamin|author2=Riley, Margaret A. |author3=Feldman, Marcus W. |author4= Bohannan, Brendan J. M. |title=Local dispersal promotes biodiversity in a real-life game of rock–paper–scissors|journal=Nature|date=11 July 2002|volume=418|issue=6894|pages=171–174|doi=10.1038/nature00823|pmid=12110887|bibcode=2002Natur.418..171K|s2cid=4348391}}</ref> Additional ''in vitro'' results demonstrate rock paper scissors dynamics in additional species of bacteria.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pátková|first=Irena|author2=Čepl, Jaroslav J |author3=Rieger, Tomáš |author4=Blahůšková, Anna |author5=Neubauer, Zdeněk |author6= Markoš, Anton |title=Developmental plasticity of bacterial colonies and consortia in germ-free and gnotobiotic settings|journal=BMC Microbiology|date=1 January 2012|volume=12|issue=1 |pages=178|doi=10.1186/1471-2180-12-178|pmid=22894147|pmc=3583141 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Biologist Benjamin C. Kirkup Jr. demonstrated that these antibiotics, [[bacteriocin]]s, were active as ''Escherichia coli'' compete with each other in the intestines of mice, and that the rock paper scissors dynamics allowed for the continued competition among strains: antibiotic-producers defeat antibiotic-sensitives; antibiotic-resisters multiply and withstand and out-compete the antibiotic-producers, letting antibiotic-sensitives multiply and out-compete others; until antibiotic-producers multiply again.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kirkup|first=Benjamin C.|author2=Riley, Margaret A. |title=Antibiotic-mediated antagonism leads to a bacterial game of rock–paper–scissors in vivo|journal=Nature|date=25 March 2004|volume=428|issue=6981|pages=412–414|doi=10.1038/nature02429|pmid=15042087|bibcode=2004Natur.428..412K|s2cid=4412745}}</ref>

Rock paper scissors is the subject of continued research in bacterial ecology and evolution. It is considered one of the basic applications of [[game theory]] and non-linear dynamics to bacteriology.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Adami|first=Christoph|author2=Schossau, Jory |author3=Hintze, Arend |title=Evolution and stability of altruist strategies in microbial games|journal=Physical Review E|date=1 January 2012|volume=85|issue=1|pages=011914|doi=10.1103/PhysRevE.85.011914|pmid=22400598|arxiv=1012.0276|bibcode=2012PhRvE..85a1914A|s2cid=2587810}}</ref> Models of evolution demonstrate how intragenomic competition can lead to rock paper scissors dynamics from a relatively general evolutionary model.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rankin|first=D. J.|author2=Turner, L. A. |author3=Heinemann, J. A. |author4= Brown, S. P. |title=The coevolution of toxin and antitoxin genes drives the dynamics of bacterial addiction complexes and intragenomic conflict|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|date=11 July 2012|volume=279|issue=1743|pages=3706–3715|doi=10.1098/rspb.2012.0942 |pmid=22787022 |pmc=3415908}}</ref> The general nature of this basic non-transitive model is widely applied in theoretical biology to explore bacterial ecology and evolution.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bucci|first=Vanni|author2=Nadell, Carey D. |author3=Xavier, João B. |title=The Evolution of Bacteriocin Production in Bacterial Biofilms|journal=The American Naturalist|date=1 December 2011|volume=178|issue=6|pages=E162–E173|doi=10.1086/662668|pmid=22089878|s2cid=25361931}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1103/PhysRevE.84.021912|pmid=21929025|title=Effects of competition on pattern formation in the rock-paper-scissors game|year=2011|last1=Jiang|first1=Luo-Luo|last2=Zhou|first2=Tao|last3=Perc|first3=Matjaž|last4=Wang|first4=Bing-Hong|journal=Physical Review E|volume=84|issue=2|pages=021912|arxiv=1108.1790|bibcode=2011PhRvE..84b1912J|s2cid=6375624}}</ref>