Editing Richard I of England (section)

===Death===
[[File:Lvisrdce.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Inverted coat of arms of Richard, indicating his death, from a manuscript of ''{{Lang|la|[[Chronica Majora]]}}'' by [[Matthew Paris]] (13th century)<ref name=lewis/>]]
In March 1199, Richard was in [[Limousin]] suppressing a revolt by Viscount [[Aimar V of Limoges]]. Although it was [[Lent]], he "devastated the Viscount's land with fire and sword".{{Sfn|Ralph_of_Coggeshall|p=94}} He besieged the tiny, virtually unarmed castle of [[Château de Châlus-Chabrol|Châlus-Chabrol]]. Some chroniclers claimed that this was because a local peasant had uncovered a [[treasure trove]] of Roman gold.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.historynet.com/magazines/military_history/3717336.html?page=4&c=y |title=King Richard I of England Versus King Philip II Augustus |publisher=Historynet.com |date=23 August 2006 |access-date=4 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312101537/http://www.historynet.com/magazines/military_history/3717336.html?page=4&c=y |archive-date=12 March 2008 }}</ref>

On 26 March 1199, Richard was hit in the shoulder by a crossbow bolt, and the wound turned [[gangrenous]].{{Sfn|Gillingham|2004}} Richard asked to have the crossbowman brought before him; called alternatively [[Pierre Basile|Pierre (or Peter) Basile]], John Sabroz, Dudo,{{Sfn|Gillingham|1989|p=16}}{{Sfn|Flori|1999f|pp=233–254}} and Bertrand de Gourdon (from the town of [[Gourdon, Lot|Gourdon]]) by chroniclers, the man turned out (according to some sources, but not all) to be a boy. He said Richard had killed his father and two brothers, and that he had intended to kill Richard in revenge. He expected to be executed, but as a final act of mercy Richard forgave him, saying "Live on, and by my bounty behold the light of day", before he ordered the boy to be freed and sent away with 100 [[shilling]]s.{{Efn|Although there are numerous variations of the story's details, it is not disputed that Richard did pardon the person who shot the bolt.<ref>{{Harvnb|Flori|1999f|p=234}}</ref>}}

{{Multiple image
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| image1        = Richard1Rouen.jpg
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| caption1      = Tomb containing the heart of King Richard in [[Rouen Cathedral]]
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| caption2      = Richard’s Tomb at Fontevraud
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Richard died on 6 April 1199 in the arms of his mother, and thus "ended his earthly day."<ref>{{Cite book|first=Alison|last=Weir|author-link=Alison Weir|title=Eleanor of Aquitaine: By the Wrath of God, Queen of England|publisher=[[Random House]]|location=New York City|date=2011|asin=B004OEIDOS|page=319}}</ref> Because of the nature of his death, it was later said that "the Lion by the Ant was slain".<ref>{{Cite book|first=Marion|last=Meade|title=Eleanor of Aquitaine: A Biography|date=1977|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|location=New York |asin=B00328ZUOS|page=329}}</ref> According to one chronicler, Richard's last act of chivalry proved fruitless when the infamous [[mercenary]] captain [[Mercadier]] had the boy [[flayed alive]] and [[hanged]] as soon as Richard died.{{Sfn|Flori|1999f|p=238}}

Richard's heart was buried at Rouen in Normandy, his entrails in [[Châlus]] (where he died), and the rest of his body at the feet of his father at [[Fontevraud Abbey]] in Anjou.{{Sfn|Flori|1999f|p=235}} In 2012, scientists analysed the remains of Richard's heart and found that it had been [[embalmed]] with various substances, including [[frankincense]], a symbolically important substance because it had been present both at the birth and embalming of Christ.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Charlier|first=Philippe|others=Joël Poupon, Gaël-François Jeannel, Dominique Favier, Speranta-Maria Popescu, Raphaël Weil, Christophe Moulherat, Isabelle Huynh-Charlier, Caroline Dorion-Peyronnet, Ana-Maria Lazar, Christian Hervé & Geoffroy Lorin de la Grandmaison|title=The embalmed heart of Richard the Lionheart (1199 A.D.): a biological and anthropological analysis|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|publisher=[[Nature Research]]|location=London, England|date=28 February 2013 |doi=10.1038/srep01296|volume=3|issue=1 |pages=1296|pmid=23448897|pmc=3584573|bibcode=2013NatSR...3.1296C|issn = 2045-2322}}</ref>

[[Henry Sandford (bishop)|Henry Sandford]], [[Bishop of Rochester]] (1226–1235), announced that he had seen a vision of Richard ascending to [[Heaven]] in March 1232 (along with [[Stephen Langton]], the former archbishop of Canterbury), the King having presumably spent 33 years in [[purgatory]] as [[expiation]] for his sins.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gillingham|1979|p=8.}} Roger of Wendover (''{{Lang|la|Flores historiarum}}'', p. 234) ascribes Sandford's vision to the day before Palm Sunday, 3 April 1232.</ref>

Richard produced no legitimate heirs and acknowledged only one illegitimate son, [[Philip of Cognac]]. He was succeeded by his brother John as king.<ref name="Angevin"/> His French territories, with the exception of Rouen, initially rejected John as a successor, preferring his nephew Arthur.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jones|2014|pp=150–152}}</ref> The lack of any direct heirs from Richard was the first step in the dissolution of the [[Angevin Empire]].<ref name="Angevin">{{Cite book|first1=Peter|last1=Saccio|first2=Leon D.|last2=Black|year=2000|title=Shakespeare's English Kings: History, Chronicle, and Drama|chapter=John, The Legitimacy of the King; The Angevin Empire|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-512319-0|pages=190–195|edition=2nd}}</ref>