Editing Resurrection of Jesus (section)

===Foundation of Christian faith===
In [[Christian theology]], the death, resurrection, and [[Session of Christ|exaltation]] of Jesus are the most important events, and the foundation of the Christian faith.{{sfn|Dunn|1985|p=53}}{{sfn|Dunn|2009|p=149}}{{refn|group=note|{{Bibleverse|1 Cor|15:12–20}} {{Bibleverse|1 Peter|1:3}}}} The [[Nicene Creed]] states: "On the third day{{refn|group=note|name="third day"}} he rose again in accordance with the Scriptures".<ref>Updated version of the Nicene Creed added at [[First Council of Constantinople]] in 381 AD, in Norman Tanner, ''New Short History of the Catholic Church'', p. 33 (Burns & Oates, 2011). {{ISBN|978-0-86012-455-9}}</ref> According to Terry Miethe, a Christian philosopher at Oxford University, the question {{"'}}Did Jesus rise from the dead?' is the most important question regarding the claims of the Christian faith."<ref>Terry Miethe, in: Gary Habermas & Anthony G. N. Flew, ''Did Jesus Rise from the Dead? The Resurrection Debate'', ed. Terry Miethe (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1987), p.xi. Quoted by [[Michael Martin (philosopher)|Michael Martin]], ''The Resurrection as Initially Improbable'' (chapter). In: {{cite book|title= The Empty Tomb: Jesus Beyond the Grave|editor1-first= Robert M.|editor1-last= Price|editor1-link= Robert M. Price|editor2-first= Jeffrey Jay|editor2-last= Lowder|year= 2005|publisher= Prometheus Books|location= Amherst|isbn= 1-59102-286-X|page= [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781591022862/page/44 44]|url= https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781591022862/page/44}}</ref> According to [[John R. Rice (pastor)|John R. Rice]], a Baptist evangelist, the resurrection of Jesus was part of the plan of [[Salvation (Christianity)|salvation]] and [[Redeemer (Christianity)|redemption]] by [[Atonement in Christianity|atonement for man's sin]].<ref>John R. Rice, ''The Importance of Christ's Resurrection in the Christian Faith''. In: Curtis Hutson (2000), ''Great Preaching on the Resurrection'', {{ISBN|0-87398-319-X}} pp. 55–56</ref> According to the [[Roman Catechism]] of the Catholic Church, the resurrection of Jesus causes and is the model of the resurrection of all the dead, as well as the cause and model of [[Repentance in Christianity|repentance]], which the catechism calls "spiritual resurrection".<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.cin.org/users/james/ebooks/master/trent/tcreed05.htm| title = Master Nazareth Catechism: Catechism of the Council of Trent: Article V}}</ref> Summarizing its traditional analysis, the Catholic Church states in its Catechism:
{{blockquote|Although the Resurrection was an historical event that could be verified by the sign of the empty tomb and by the reality of the apostles' encounters with the risen Christ, still it remains at the very heart of the mystery of faith as something that transcends and surpasses history.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.scborromeo.org/ccc/p122a5p2.htm#647| title = Catechism of the Catholic Church 647}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P1S.HTM|title=Catechism of the Catholic Church - IntraText|date=25 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125132200/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P1S.HTM |archive-date=25 November 2021 }}</ref>}}

For orthodox Christians, including a number of scholars, the resurrection of Jesus is taken to have been a concrete, material resurrection of a transformed body.{{sfn|Wright|2003|p=272; cf. 321}}<ref group=web name="Habermas.2005">Habermas (2005), [http://www.garyhabermas.com/articles/J_Study_Historical_Jesus_3-2_2005/J_Study_Historical_Jesus_3-2_2005.htmResurrection ''Research from 1975 to the Present: What are Critical Scholars Saying?'']</ref>{{refn|group=note|name="Habermas"|According to Christian apologist [[Gary Habermas]], "Many [conservative] scholars have spoken in support of a [transformed] bodily notion of Jesus' resurrection."<ref group=web name="Habermas.2005"/> According to Habermas, Paul refers to a physical body in 1 Corinthians 15:44.<ref name="auto"/> Habermas notes that Paul doesn't use solely the word ''pneuma'', but speaks about [[Spiritual body|"spiritual [''pneumatikos''] body [''soma'']"]]. According to Habermas, Paul refers to a physical body, arguing that "Paul says three things in one chapter [of Philippians] that indicates that he’s talking about a physical resurrection." The first is that Paul says that he is a Pharisee, implying that he believes in a physical resurrection. The second is that, in Philippians 3:11, Paul says "That I may attain the resurrection of the dead", using the phrase ''eks-anastasis'' ("εἰς τὴν ἐξανάστασιν") (out-resurrection), "resurrection from out among the dead ones." And third, in Philippians 3:20–21 "He Jesus will change my body to be like His body." Habermas further notes that in Philippians 3:20,21, Paul speaks of a "glorious body" which is resurrected.<ref group=web name="Habermas.Flew">John Ankerberg and Gary Habermas (2000), [https://articles.mycrashlab.com/articles/guests-and-authors/dr-gary-habermas/the-resurrection-of-jesus-christ-was-it-physical-or-spiritual/ ''The Resurrection of Jesus Christ: Was it Physical or Spiritual?'']</ref>}} Scholars such as [[Craig L. Blomberg]] and [[Mike Licona]] argue there are sufficient arguments for the historicity of the resurrection.{{sfn|Blomberg|1987|p=253}}{{sfn|Licona|2010}}{{sfn|Habermas|2024}}

In secular and [[liberal Christian]] scholarship, the post-resurrection appearances are often interpreted as being subjective [[Vision (spirituality)|visionary experiences]] in which Jesus's presence was felt,{{sfn|Koester|2000|pp=64–65}}{{sfn|Vermes|2008b|p=141}}{{sfn|De Conick|2006|p=6}} as articulated in the [[vision theory of Jesus' appearances|vision theory of Jesus's appearances]].{{refn|group=note|According to Habermas, a Christian [[Apologetics|apologist]], both internal states of mind, such as [[hallucination]]s, [[conversion disorder]], and bereavement-related [[Vision (spirituality)|visions]], as well as objective phenomena such as illusions have been proposed as possible natural explanations for what the disciples believed they saw.{{sfn|Bergeron|Habermas|2015|p=158}}}} In the 21st century, modern scholars such as [[Gerd Lüdemann]] have proposed that [[Saint Peter|Peter]] had a vision of Jesus, due to severe [[grief]] and [[mourning]].{{refn|group=note|"Gerd Lüdemann 2012: 552 (cf. 550-557); 2004: 159 (cf. 163-166); 1994: 174 (cf. 173-179). See also Bart Ehrman 2014: 183-206, although Ehrman never describes the vision he proposes. Other proponents of some form of vision hypothesis include Michael Goulder (1996, 2000, 2005) and James Crossley (2005), although Goulder proposes only a spiritual resurrection belief emerged initially, and Crossley considers Jesus’ predictions of his own death historical and a contributing factor to the resurrection belief."}} Ehrman notes that "Christian apologists sometimes claim that the most sensible historical explanation for these visions is that Jesus [physically] appeared to the disciples".{{sfn|Ehrman|2014|p=107}}